Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act

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Bill ID: 119/hr/1919
Last Updated: July 22, 2026

Sponsored by

Rep. Emmer, Tom [R-MN-6]

ID: E000294

Follow the money

The bill

Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act

HR. 1919, 119th Congress — read as touching Crypto & Fintech.

The sponsor

Rep. Emmer, Tom [R-MN-6]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$1,164,550 raised

30 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

70% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Introduction" section, p. 773-775 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

July 16, 2025

Introduced

📍 Current Status

Next: The bill will be reviewed by relevant committees who will debate, amend, and vote on it.

🏛️

Committee Review

🗳️

Floor Action

Passed House

🏛️

Senate Review

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Another masterpiece of legislative theater from the esteemed members of Congress. The Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act, a bill so cleverly crafted that it's almost as if they're trying to convince us they care about our privacy and financial freedom.

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The main purpose of this bill is to pretend to address concerns about central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and their potential use for surveillance. The sponsors want you to believe they're protecting your rights, but in reality, they're just trying to appease the libertarian crowd while maintaining the status quo.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill prohibits Federal Reserve banks from offering financial products or services directly to individuals and restricts their ability to issue CBDCs. It also amends the Federal Reserve Act to prevent the use of CBDCs for monetary policy purposes. Oh, but don't worry, they've included a convenient exception for "dollar-denominated currency that is open, permissionless, and private" – just in case they need to create a new form of digital money that's not actually a CBDC.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The usual suspects are involved: the Federal Reserve, financial institutions, and individuals who might be foolish enough to think this bill will protect their financial privacy. Meanwhile, the real stakeholders – the politicians, lobbyists, and special interest groups – will continue to reap the benefits of a system that's designed to maintain their power and influence.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** This bill is nothing more than a Band-Aid on a bullet wound. It won't stop the inevitable march towards a cashless society or prevent the government from monitoring your financial transactions. The real impact will be felt by those who think this bill is a genuine attempt to protect their rights – they'll be lulled into a false sense of security while the powers that be continue to erode their freedoms.

In conclusion, HR 1919 is a masterclass in legislative misdirection. It's a cleverly crafted illusion designed to make you believe your elected officials care about your financial freedom and privacy. Don't be fooled – this bill is just another symptom of a deeper disease: the insatiable desire for power and control that afflicts our politicians.

Diagnosis: **Terminal Naivety**

Prescription: **A healthy dose of skepticism**

Related Topics

Banking & Financial Services
Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (Dr. Haus personality)

💰 Campaign Finance Network

Rep. Emmer, Tom [R-MN-6]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions
$1,164,550
21 donors
PACs
$0
Organizations
$64,550
Committees
$0
Individuals
$1,100,000

No PAC contributions found

1
AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS
2 transactions
$16,700
2
AK-CHIN INDIAN COMMUNITY
2 transactions
$10,000
3
POARCH BAND OF CREEK INDIANS
2 transactions
$6,600
4
PRAIRIE ISLAND TRIBAL COUNCIL
1 transaction
$5,000
5
FOREST COUNTY POTAWATOMI COMMUNITY
1 transaction
$5,000
6
SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON SIOUX COMMUNITY
3 transactions
$4,950
7
MIAMI TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA
2 transactions
$4,000
8
MORONGO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
2 transactions
$3,300
9
SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
1 transaction
$2,000
10
SOBOBA BAND OF LUISENO INDIANS
1 transaction
$2,000
11
ONEIDA NATION
2 transactions
$2,000
12
MOHEGAN TRIBE OF INDIANS OF CONNECTICUT
1 transaction
$1,000
13
SAN MANUEL BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
1 transaction
$1,000
14
BRYANT SONGY SNELL
1 transaction
$1,000

No committee contributions found

1
AUSTIN, TANI DRU
1 transaction
$250,000
2
AUSTIN, WILLIAM F.
1 transaction
$250,000
3
HILL, VERNON
2 transactions
$200,000
4
DEVRIES, TIMOTHY C.
1 transaction
$100,000
5
ROSEN, TOM
1 transaction
$100,000
6
WALTON, ROB MR..
1 transaction
$100,000
7
BROIN, JEFF
1 transaction
$100,000

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 10 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Rep. Hill, J. French [R-AR-2]

ID: H001072

Top Contributors

10

1
THE ROYER LAW FIRM PLLC
OrganizationWASHINGTON, DC
$1,000
Sep 30, 2024
2
BRADBURY, CHARLOTTE S. MRS.
NONEHOMEMAKER
IndividualLITTLE ROCK, AR
$6,600
Dec 7, 2023
3
BRADBURY, CURT MR. JR.
STEPHENS INC.CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER
IndividualLITTLE ROCK, AR
$6,600
Dec 7, 2023
4
KEITH, STEVEN M. MR.
KBXPRESIDENT
IndividualLITTLE ROCK, AR
$6,600
Oct 13, 2023
5
KNAPPLE, WHITFIELD L. DR.
SELF EMPLOYEDPHYSICIAN
IndividualLITTLE ROCK, AR
$6,600
Oct 9, 2023
6
PFAUTCH, ROY MR.
CIVIC SERVICE INCOWNER
IndividualSAINT LOUIS, MO
$6,600
Dec 28, 2023
7
QUINTILIAN, DENNIS
NONERETIRED
IndividualLLOYD HARBOR, NY
$6,600
Nov 16, 2023
8
QUINTILIAN, DORIS
NONERETIRED
IndividualLLOYD HARBOR, NY
$6,600
Nov 16, 2023
9
RUTLEDGE, REYNIE MR.
FIRST SECURITY BANKCHAIRMAN
IndividualSEARCY, AR
$6,600
Nov 10, 2023
10
SCHWARZMAN, STEPHEN A. MR.
BLACKSTONECHAIRMAN CEO & CO-FOUNDER
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$6,600
Feb 16, 2023

Rep. Moolenaar, John R. [R-MI-2]

ID: M001194

Top Contributors

10

1
MATCH-E-BE-NASH-SHE-WISH BAND POTTAWATOMI INDIANS
OrganizationSHELBYVILLE, MI
$3,300
Aug 30, 2023
2
PECHANGA BAND OF INDIANS
OrganizationTEMECULA, CA
$3,300
Aug 30, 2023
3
POKAGON BAND OF POTAWATOMI INDIANS
OrganizationDOWAGIAC, MI
$3,300
Aug 30, 2023
4
SAGINAW CHIPPEWA INDIAN TRIBE TRIBAL OPERATIONS
OrganizationMOUNT PLEASANT, MI
$3,300
Sep 30, 2023
5
SHINGLE SPRINGS BAND OF MIWOK INDIANS
OrganizationSHINGLE SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Sep 30, 2023
6
NOTTAWASEPPI HURON BAND OF THE POTAWATOMI
OrganizationFULTON, MI
$3,300
Mar 12, 2024
7
SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON SIOUX COMMUNITY
OrganizationPRIOR LAKE, MN
$3,300
Jun 20, 2024
8
SAULT STE. MARIE TRIBE CHIPPEWA INDIANS
OrganizationSAULT SAINTE MARIE, MI
$2,900
Dec 19, 2023
9
SAN MANUEL BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLOS ANGELES, CA
$2,500
Mar 4, 2024
10
SHINGLE SPRINGS BAND OF MIWOK INDIANS
OrganizationSHINGLE SPRINGS, CA
$2,500
Sep 30, 2024

Rep. Hudson, Richard [R-NC-9]

ID: H001067

Top Contributors

10

1
MORONGO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationBANNING, CA
$3,300
Sep 30, 2023
2
SAN MANUEL BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLOS ANGELES, CA
$3,300
Sep 30, 2024
3
CATAWBA INDIAN NATION
OrganizationROCK HILL, SC
$1,500
Mar 5, 2024
4
HENDRICK, JOSEPH RIDDICK III
HENDRICK MOTORSPORTSCHAIRMAN
IndividualCHARLOTTE, NC
$50,000
Dec 12, 2023
5
GROSS, MARK J.
OAK GROVE TECHNOLOGIESCEO
IndividualRALEIGH, NC
$50,000
Feb 27, 2023
6
WARLICK, ANDERSON D. MR.
PARKDALE MILLSCEO
IndividualGASTONIA, NC
$50,000
Mar 16, 2023
7
BARNHILL, ROBERT E. MR. JR.
BARNHILL CONTRACTING COMPANYPRESIDENT
IndividualROCKY MOUNT, NC
$50,000
May 14, 2024
8
HUNTER, FRED NEAL
KNOW BIO LLCBUSINESS OWNER
IndividualDURHAM, NC
$35,000
Mar 31, 2023
9
SULLIVAN, SCOTT C.
CAMERON MANAGEMENTCO-FOUNDER
IndividualBANNER ELK, NC
$25,000
Dec 29, 2023
10
ALLISON, DENNIS KEITH MR.
SYSTELPRESIDENT/CEO
IndividualFAYETTEVILLE, NC
$25,000
Mar 3, 2023

Rep. Ogles, Andrew [R-TN-5]

ID: O000175

Top Contributors

10

1
WINTERSTEEN, JAMES
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualMILL VALLEY, CA
$13,200
Jun 27, 2024
2
FISHER, KENNETH L.
FISHER INVESTMENTSEXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN
IndividualPLANO, TX
$6,600
May 23, 2024
3
FISHER, SHERRILYN
PLANO 6500 LLCMEMBER
IndividualPLANO, TX
$6,600
May 23, 2024
4
RAMSEY, DAVE
RAMSEYCEO
IndividualCOLLEGE GROVE, TN
$6,600
Jul 27, 2024
5
MOSING, GREG
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualBROUSSARD, LA
$6,600
Jul 24, 2024
6
SHOCKLEY, QIANG
QIANG SHOCKLEYTECHNICIAN
IndividualIRVINE, CA
$6,600
Jun 8, 2023
7
BEAMAN, LEE MR.
BEAMAN VENTURESINVESTOR
IndividualNASHVILLE, TN
$6,600
Apr 13, 2023
8
GUO, MING
INTEL INCMANAGER
IndividualCUPERTINO, CA
$6,600
Jun 2, 2023
9
KENNINGER, STEVEN
QMO LLCINVESTOR
IndividualAUSTIN, TX
$6,600
Sep 25, 2023
10
JAQUISH, GAIL
JURIX, INC.PSYCHOLOGIST
IndividualAUSTIN, TX
$6,600
Sep 26, 2023

Rep. Bost, Mike [R-IL-12]

ID: B001295

Top Contributors

10

1
AK-CHIN INDIAN COMMUNITY
OrganizationMARICOPA, AZ
$3,300
Feb 21, 2024
2
AK-CHIN INDIAN COMMUNITY
OrganizationMARICOPA, AZ
$3,300
Aug 14, 2024
3
MIAMI TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA
OrganizationMIAMI, OK
$2,000
Aug 14, 2024
4
CAMPBELL FARMS
OrganizationCARMI, IL
$1,500
Sep 19, 2023
5
MUSCOGEE CREEK NATION
OrganizationOKMULGEE, OK
$1,000
Jun 25, 2024
6
MUSCOGEE CREEK NATION
OrganizationOKMULGEE, OK
$500
Jun 25, 2024
7
WAITE, TOMB & EBERLY LLP
OrganizationTROY, OH
$500
Apr 1, 2024
8
EMMET, RICHARD
NONERETIRED
IndividualLARCHMONT, NY
$6,600
Nov 21, 2023
9
GILLIAM, RICHARD
CUMBERLAND DEVELOPMENTMANAGER
IndividualCHARLOTTESVILLE, VA
$6,600
Nov 21, 2023
10
SCHWAB, CHARLES
CHARLES SCHWAB CORPORATIONCHAIRMAN
IndividualPALM BEACH, FL
$6,600
Dec 19, 2023

Rep. Franklin, Scott [R-FL-18]

ID: F000472

Top Contributors

10

1
SEMINOLE TRIBE OF FLORIDA
OrganizationHOLLYWOOD, FL
$3,300
Aug 23, 2023
2
SEMINOLE TRIBE OF FLORIDA
OrganizationHOLLYWOOD, FL
$3,300
Aug 16, 2024
3
MICCOSUKEE TRIBE
OrganizationMIAMI, FL
$1,000
Jan 30, 2024
4
CASSIDY, ALBERT B MR.
THE CASSIDY ORGANIZATION INC.REAL ESTATE
IndividualWINTER HAVEN, FL
$6,600
May 12, 2023
5
CASSIDY, GENA
IndividualWINTER HAVEN, FL
$6,600
Jun 16, 2023
6
CASSIDY, GLORIA
ENTREPRENEURENTREPRENEUR
IndividualWINTER HAVEN, FL
$6,600
May 12, 2023
7
CASSIDY, STEVEN L
IndividualWINTER HAVEN, FL
$6,600
Jun 16, 2023
8
SILBEY, ALEXANDER
ATS COMMUNICATIONS INCCONSULTANT
IndividualWASHINGTON, DC
$5,000
Mar 29, 2024
9
BRADY, JOSEPH P
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualST. PETERSBURG, FL
$5,000
Aug 23, 2023
10
RAUCH, GEORGE W III
IndividualBRADENTON, FL
$4,000
Sep 29, 2023

Rep. Greene, Marjorie Taylor [R-GA-14]

ID: G000596

Top Contributors

10

1
PREWETT SERVICES LLC
OrganizationSOUTHAVEN, MS
$5,000
Jun 14, 2023
2
PREWETT SERVICES LLC
OrganizationSOUTHAVEN, MS
$1,700
Jun 14, 2023
3
THE WETZEL FAMILY TRUST
OrganizationLAS VEGAS, NV
$250
Jun 28, 2024
4
LUKE, DON MR
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualPHOENIX, AZ
$11,600
Mar 13, 2023
5
RADGOWSKI, STEVEN
IndividualNORTHPORT, NY
$7,300
Dec 31, 2023
6
HAHN, SAMUEL
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualFAIRVIEW HEIGHTS, IL
$6,600
Aug 30, 2024
7
ELLIOTT, BEVERLY B MS
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualMOUNT JULIET, TN
$6,600
Mar 16, 2023
8
MCMANUS, DEBORAH
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualLIVERMORE, CA
$6,600
Mar 18, 2023
9
FORSYTHE, GERALD R
INDECK ENERGY SERVICESCEO
IndividualNAPLES, FL
$6,600
May 31, 2023
10
KNIGHT, JZ
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualYELM, WA
$6,600
May 24, 2023

Rep. Biggs, Andy [R-AZ-5]

ID: B001302

Top Contributors

10

1
TAYLOR, MARGARETTA J
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Dec 15, 2023
2
TAYLOR, MARGARETTA J
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Dec 15, 2023
3
MCCLEVE, LONNIE
SELF EMPLOYEDDEVELOPER
IndividualQUEEN CREEK, AZ
$3,300
Oct 16, 2023
4
BENSON, LEE
LEE BENSONCEO
IndividualMESA, AZ
$3,300
Oct 18, 2023
5
FAUST, ANNE R
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualNEWTOWN SQUARE, PA
$3,300
Oct 6, 2023
6
BENSON, LEE
LEE BENSONCEO
IndividualMESA, AZ
$3,300
Oct 18, 2023
7
BROPHY, DANIEL
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualJACKSON, WY
$3,300
Dec 21, 2023
8
LONDEN, PRISCILLA
LONDEN INSURANCE GROUPEXECUTIVE
IndividualPHOENIX, AZ
$3,300
Mar 7, 2023
9
ALLEN, GWYNDA S
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualSUN LAKES, AZ
$3,300
Mar 22, 2023
10
COOLEY, WILLIAM
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualWEST PALM BEACH, FL
$3,300
Mar 7, 2023

Rep. Cloud, Michael [R-TX-27]

ID: C001115

Top Contributors

10

1
BUTLER CONSULTING
OrganizationPORT LAVACA, TX
$250
Oct 25, 2024
2
BURDGE, THOMAS R
VP OF ACCOUNTING
IndividualVICTORIA, TX
$6,600
Oct 3, 2024
3
BORCHERS, CHARLA
RANCHINGINVESTMENTS
IndividualVICTORIA, TX
$6,600
Oct 2, 2024
4
BURDGE, THOMAS R
VP OF ACCOUNTING
IndividualVICTORIA, TX
$6,600
Oct 3, 2024
5
ATNIP, CHAR
IndividualCORPUS CHRISTI, TX
$3,300
Sep 30, 2024
6
ATNIP, CLIF
IndividualCORPUS CHRISTI, TX
$3,300
Oct 28, 2024
7
BURDGE, TAMI
IndividualVICTORIA, TX
$3,300
Oct 28, 2024
8
RAMIREZ, PHILIP
TURNER, RAMIREZ & ASSOCIATES, INC.ARCHITECT
IndividualCORPUS CHRISTI, TX
$3,300
Jan 4, 2024
9
PARKER, ROBERT E.
REPCON INC.PRESIDENT
IndividualCORPUS CHRISTI, TX
$3,300
Jan 12, 2024
10
TROXLER, JOSEPH G.
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualCORDOVA, TN
$3,300
Jan 16, 2024

Rep. Flood, Mike [R-NE-1]

ID: F000474

Top Contributors

10

1
CHEROKEE NATION
OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK
$3,300
Oct 31, 2024
2
DEMOCRACY ENGINE, LLC
OrganizationWASHINGTON, DC
$1,919
Jun 24, 2024
3
SUGAR CREEK REALTY
OrganizationSAINT LOUIS, MO
$1,500
Oct 1, 2024
4
DEMOCRACY ENGINE, LLC
OrganizationWASHINGTON, DC
$959
May 28, 2024
5
LAMA COMMUNITY TRUST
OrganizationSAN CRISTOBAL, NM
$833
Jun 26, 2024
6
RADCLIFFE GILBERTSON & BRADY
OrganizationLINCOLN, NE
$500
Oct 20, 2024
7
CASSLING, MICHAEL
CASSLINGCEO
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$13,200
Mar 13, 2023
8
BRADFORD VI, DANA
C3 BRANDSCEO
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$6,600
Mar 28, 2023
9
HAWKINS JR, FRED
HAWKINS CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$6,600
May 11, 2024
10
DUGGER, CATHERINE
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$6,600
Oct 21, 2024

Donor Network - Rep. Emmer, Tom [R-MN-6]

PACs
Organizations
Individuals
Politicians

Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

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Showing 84 nodes and 45 connections (85 secondary connections hidden)

Total contributions: $1,231,750

Top Donors - Rep. Emmer, Tom [R-MN-6]

Showing top 21 donors by contribution amount

14 Orgs7 Individuals

Industry Impact

Which industries are materially affected by specific provisions in this bill. 1 helped, 1 harmed.

  • +Crypto & Fintechconfidence 0.90

    Section 4(C) provides an exception for dollar-denominated currency that is open, permissionless, private, and preserves privacy protections of physical currency, which benefits decentralized cryptocurrencies and fintech platforms by protecting them from CBDC competition.

  • Commercial Banksconfidence 0.85

    Sections 2 and 3 prohibit Federal Reserve banks from offering financial products/services directly to individuals, maintaining individual accounts, or issuing CBDCs directly or indirectly through intermediaries, limiting potential new services banks could offer via FedNow or similar systems.

Who funds the sponsor on these industries

For each industry this bill affects, here's what the sponsor (Rep. Emmer, Tom [R-MN-6])received from donors associated with that industry during the 2022–present cycles. Donations are not proof of intent — they are a record of who funds the people writing the law.

Industries this bill HELPS

  • from 12 contributions
    • ARMSTRONG, BRIAN$14,900
    • GREWAL, PAUL$13,200
    • CALVERT CAMPBELL, KARA$9,900
    • CHOI, EMILIE$6,600
    • SMITH, KRISTIN$6,600

Industries this bill HARMS

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.

Introduction

High70.3%
Pages: 773-775

— 741 — Federal Reserve l Appoint a commission to explore the mission of the Federal Reserve, alternatives to the Federal Reserve system, and the nation’s financial regulatory apparatus. l Prevent the institution of a central bank digital currency (CBDC). A CBDC would provide unprecedented surveillance and potential control of financial transactions without providing added benefits available through existing technologies.34 AUTHOR’S NOTE: The preparation of this chapter was a collective enterprise of individuals involved in the 2025 Presidential Transition Project. All contributors to this chapter are listed at the front of this volume, but Alexander Salter, Judy Shelton, and Peter St Onge, deserve special mention. The chapter reflects input from all the contributors, however, no views expressed herein should be attributed to any specific individual. — 742 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise ENDNOTES 1. U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution (accessed January 23, 2023). 2. For example, Alexander Salter and Daniel Smith (2019) show that Federal Reserve Chairs become more favorable toward monetary discretion once they are confirmed compared to previous stances. Alexander William Salter and Daniel J. Smith, “Political Economists or Political Economists? The Role of Political Environments in the Formation of Fed Policy Under Burns, Greenspan, and Bernanke,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 71 (February 2019), pp. 1–13. 3. Sarah Binder, “The Federal Reserve as a ‘Political’ Institution,” American Academy of Arts and Sciences Bulletin, Vol. LXIX, No. 3 (Spring 2016), pp. 47–49, https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/bulletin/ downloads/bulletin_Spring2016.pdf (accessed January 23, 2023). See also Charles L. Weise, “Political Pressures on Monetary Policy During the US Great Inflation,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April 2012), pp. 33–64, https://www.haverford.edu/sites/default/files/Department/Economics/ Weise_Political_Pressures_on%20Monetary_Policy.pdf (accessed January 23, 2023). 4. The Federal Reserve’s financial stability mandate is poorly defined. The Fed has taken advantage of the statutory vagueness and proceeded as if it has the authority to engage in these activities, although it is highly questionable whether this is permissible. 5. 12 U.S.C. § 225a, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/225a (accessed January 23, 2023). 6. See Peter J. Boettke, Alexander William Salter, and Daniel J. Smith, Money and the Rule of Law: Generality and Predictability in Monetary Institutions (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021). 7. George Selgin, William D. Lastrapes, and Lawrence H. White, “Has the Fed Been a Failure?” Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 34, No. 3 (September 2012), pp. 569–596, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/S0164070412000304 (accessed January 24, 2023). 8. This includes federal programs that automatically provide for adjustments as the economy contracts (for example, unemployment insurance or the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). 9. Mark Segal, “Fed to Launch Climate Risk Resilience Tests with Big Banks,” ESG Today, September 30, 2022, https://www.esgtoday.com/fed-to-launch-climate-risk-resilience-tests-with-big-banks/ (accessed January 23, 2023). 10. Kenneth J. Robinson, “Savings and Loan Crisis 1980–1989,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/savings-and-loan-crisis (accessed January 23, 2023). 11. Russell Roberts, “Gambling with Other People’s Money: How Perverted Incentives Caused the Financial Crisis,” Mercatus Center at George Mason University, May 2010, https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/RUSS-final. pdf (accessed January 24, 2023). 12. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Credit and Liquidity Programs Balance Sheet Data Series, 2007–2022, https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bst_recenttrends.htm (accessed January 24, 2023). 13. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, U.S. Treasury Securities Data Series (TREAST), 2004–2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TREAST (accessed January 24, 2023). 14. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Mortgage-Backed Securities Data Series (WSHOMCB), 2004–2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WSHOMCB (accessed January 24, 2023). 15. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Total Assets (Less Eliminations from Consolidation) Data Series (WALCL), 2004–2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WALCL (accessed January 24, 2023). 16. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, “S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, S&P/Case–Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index (CSUSHPINSA),” https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CSUSHPINSA (accessed January 24, 2023). The Case–Shiller Home Price Index tracks home prices given a constant level of quality. See S&P Dow Jones Indices, “Real Estate: S&P CoreLogic Case–Shiller Home Price Indices,” https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/index-family/indicators/sp- corelogic-case-shiller/sp-corelogic-case-shiller-composite/#overview (accessed January 24, 2023). 17. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, “Real Residential Property Prices for United States (QUSR628BIS),” https:// fred.stlouisfed.org/series/QUSR368BIS (accessed January 24, 2023). 18. Longterm Trends, “Home Price to Income Ratio (US & UK): Home Price to Median Household Income Ratio (US),” https://www.longtermtrends.net/home-price-median-annual-income-ratio/ (accessed January 24, 2023).

About These Correlations

Policy matches are calculated using semantic similarity between bill summaries and Project 2025 policy text. A score of 60% or higher indicates meaningful thematic overlap. This does not imply direct causation or intent, but highlights areas where legislation aligns with Project 2025 policy objectives.

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