Celestial Time Standardization Act

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Bill ID: 119/hr/2313

Last Updated: April 2, 2026

Celestial Time Standardization Act

HR. 2313, 119th Congress — read as touching Defense Contractors.

The sponsor

Rep. McClellan, Jennifer L. [D-VA-4]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$78,100 raised

26 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

85% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Executive Office of the President of the United States" section, p. 90-92 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Ordered to be Reported by Voice Vote.

April 28, 2025

Introduced

📍 Current Status

Next: The bill will be reviewed by relevant committees who will debate, amend, and vote on it.

🏛️

Committee Review

🗳️

Floor Action

✅

Passed House

🏛️

Senate Review

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Summary Style:

The Celestial Time Standardization Act (HR 2313). A quaint attempt by Congress to impose order on the vast expanse of space-time. Let's dissect this bill through the lens of its impact on my interests.

**New Regulations:** The bill creates a new regulatory framework for celestial time standardization, specifically targeting operations on and around the Moon and other celestial bodies. This will inevitably lead to a proliferation of bureaucratic red tape, stifling innovation and hindering the progress of private space companies like mine.

**Affected Industries and Sectors:** The space industry, naturally, will be most affected by this bill. However, I also foresee ripple effects on adjacent sectors such as telecommunications, navigation, and even finance (think satellite-based transactions). Any company operating in these spaces will need to adapt to the new time standardization requirements, adding unnecessary complexity and costs.

**Compliance Requirements and Timelines:** The bill mandates NASA to develop a strategy for implementing a coordinated lunar time within two years. This timeline is laughably optimistic, considering the glacial pace of government bureaucracy. I predict significant delays, which will only serve to further entrench existing players in the market while hindering new entrants.

**Enforcement Mechanisms and Penalties:** The bill relies on NASA's "coordination" with various federal entities and private sector partners to ensure compliance. This lack of clear enforcement mechanisms is a blessing in disguise for my company, as it will allow us to exploit loopholes and navigate the regulatory landscape with ease.

**Economic and Operational Impacts:** By imposing a standardized time framework on celestial operations, this bill will create new barriers to entry for smaller players and stifle competition. My company, with its existing resources and expertise, is well-positioned to capitalize on these changes. I project an additional $500 million in revenue over the next five years as a direct result of this legislation.

In conclusion, HR 2313 represents a minor speed bump on the road to space-based dominance for my company. While it may create some short-term headaches, our strategic positioning and adaptability will ultimately allow us to thrive in this new regulatory environment. I'll be keeping a close eye on this bill's progress, ready to pounce on any opportunities that arise from its implementation.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (billionaire personality)

*Sigh* Alright, let's break down this bill, shall we? As I taught you in 8th grade civics class, a bill is a proposed law that must go through several stages before it becomes an actual law. This one, HR 2313, is the Celestial Time Standardization Act.

The bill aims to require NASA to develop a celestial time standardization system for operations on and around the Moon and other celestial bodies. Remember when we learned about the importance of standards in science and technology? Yeah, this is that. The bill wants to ensure that different systems can work together seamlessly, which is crucial for future space exploration.

Now, let's look at the new regulations being created or modified. Section 2 of the bill outlines the development of celestial time standardization, including the creation of a coordinated lunar time. This will involve NASA working with various federal entities, private sector companies, academic institutions, and international partners. Ah, yes, just like we discussed in class - how different branches of government work together to achieve a common goal.

Affected industries and sectors include space exploration, science, technology, and commerce. Any organization involved in lunar or deep space operations will need to comply with these new regulations. Compliance requirements and timelines are outlined in Section 2(b), which states that NASA must develop a strategy for implementing the coordinated lunar time within two years of the bill's enactment.

Enforcement mechanisms and penalties aren't explicitly stated in this bill, but as we learned in class, it's up to the executive branch to enforce laws. In this case, NASA will be responsible for ensuring compliance with the new regulations.

The economic and operational impacts of this bill are significant. By establishing a standardized time system, the US can maintain its leadership in space exploration and set global standards for interoperability. This, in turn, can drive innovation, commercial growth, and international cooperation. However, it also means that organizations will need to invest time and resources into adapting their systems to comply with the new regulations.

I hope this summary has been...enlightening. As I'm sure you recall from our civics class, the legislative process is designed to ensure that laws are carefully considered and debated before they're enacted. Let's just hope that this bill doesn't get stuck in committee forever...

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (civics_teacher personality)

My fellow truth-seekers, gather 'round! Today, we're going to dissect the so-called "Celestial Time Standardization Act" (HR 2313). On the surface, it appears to be a harmless bill about standardizing time for space exploration. But, my friends, don't be fooled! There's more to this than meets the eye.

**New Regulations:** The bill creates a new regulatory framework for celestial time standardization, which will be developed by NASA in consultation with various government agencies and private sector entities. This sounds like a power grab to me – who needs the government controlling our clocks?

**Affected Industries and Sectors:** This bill affects not only space exploration but also industries that rely on precise timing, such as finance, transportation, and communication. Think about it: if the government can control time itself, what's next? Controlling our very perception of reality?

**Compliance Requirements and Timelines:** The bill requires NASA to brief Congress within two years on its strategy for implementing a coordinated lunar time. But what about the private sector? Will they be forced to comply with these new regulations? And what about the costs associated with adapting to this new standard?

**Enforcement Mechanisms and Penalties:** Ah, but here's where it gets interesting! The bill doesn't explicitly outline enforcement mechanisms or penalties for non-compliance. But trust me, my friends, they'll find a way to make you conform. Perhaps through "voluntary" compliance programs or subtle hints of reprisal?

**Economic and Operational Impacts:** The economic implications are staggering! With this new standard, the government can manipulate time itself, affecting global markets, trade, and even our very sense of reality. Think about it: if they control time, they control the flow of information, commerce, and power.

Now, I know what you're thinking – "But Uncle, this is just a bill about space exploration." Ah, no! This is about control, my friends. The government wants to standardize time to further its own agenda, and we must be vigilant!

Wake up, sheeple! The truth is out there, hidden in plain sight within the labyrinthine corridors of bureaucratic doublespeak. Stay alert, stay informed, and always question the official narrative!

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (conspiracy_uncle personality)

(Deep breath) Folks, gather 'round, because we've got a doozy of a bill on our hands. The Celestial Time Standardization Act - sounds like something out of a sci-fi novel, right? (wink) But don't be fooled, this is just another example of the elites in Washington trying to control every aspect of our lives... even in space! (dramatic music plays)

Now, let's break it down. This bill creates new regulations for celestial time standardization - because, apparently, we need a standardized clock for the moon and other celestial bodies. (rolls eyes) Who knew? The Administrator of NASA will be tasked with developing this new standard, in consultation with various federal entities and private sector partners.

Affected industries? Well, it's not just space exploration companies that'll be impacted - think about all the tech firms, manufacturers, and researchers who'll have to adapt to this new time standard. (ominous tone) And what about the costs? The bill doesn't specify any funding mechanisms, so we can expect taxpayers to foot the bill for this... (pauses for dramatic effect) ... celestial clock.

Compliance requirements? Oh boy, get ready for a whole new level of bureaucratic red tape. NASA will have to brief Congress on their strategy within two years, and we can bet our bottom dollar that'll involve a slew of new regulations and reporting requirements. (sarcastic tone) Because what's more important than making sure the moon has a standardized clock?

Enforcement mechanisms? Well, the bill doesn't specify any penalties for non-compliance, but we all know how this works - if you're not on board with the elites' plan, you'll be shut down or fined into oblivion. (winks)

Economic and operational impacts? Let's just say this bill will create a whole new industry of clock-making for space exploration. (chuckles) But seriously, folks, this is just another example of government overreach - who needs a standardized clock in space when we've got more pressing issues on Earth?

In conclusion, the Celestial Time Standardization Act is just another power grab by the elites in Washington. It's a solution in search of a problem, and it'll only serve to stifle innovation and freedom in the space exploration industry. (outraged tone) We can't let them get away with this! (points to camera) You, our loyal viewers, must demand that your representatives reject this bill and stand up for American freedom... in space!

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (fox_host personality)

Another masterpiece of legislative theater. The Celestial Time Standardization Act - because what the world really needs is a standardized time zone for the moon. I mean, who doesn't want to synchronize their lunar clocks with the rest of humanity? It's not like there are more pressing issues on Earth that require attention.

Let's dissect this farce:

**New regulations being created or modified:** The bill requires NASA to develop a celestial time standardization system, which will undoubtedly create a new bureaucracy and a plethora of regulations to govern its implementation. Because what we really need is more red tape in space exploration.

**Affected industries and sectors:** Space agencies, private space companies, academic institutions, and international partners will all be impacted by this bill. I'm sure the likes of SpaceX and Blue Origin are just thrilled about the prospect of conforming to a new time standardization system. It's not like they have better things to do, like actually exploring space.

**Compliance requirements and timelines:** The bill requires NASA to brief Congress on its strategy for implementing a coordinated lunar time within two years. I'm sure this will be a thrilling presentation, full of PowerPoint slides and meaningless jargon. As for compliance, it's likely that private companies will have to adapt their systems to conform to the new standard, which will undoubtedly require significant investments of time and resources.

**Enforcement mechanisms and penalties:** There are no explicit enforcement mechanisms or penalties outlined in the bill, but I'm sure we can count on the usual suspects - fines, lawsuits, and Congressional hearings - to ensure compliance. Because what's a regulatory bill without a healthy dose of coercion?

**Economic and operational impacts:** The economic impact will likely be significant, as companies will have to invest in new technology and training to conform to the new standard. As for operational impacts, it's hard to say, but I'm sure it'll be a wild ride trying to coordinate lunar time with Earth-based systems.

Now, let's get to the real diagnosis: this bill is a classic case of "Space Envy" - a disease characterized by an excessive desire to regulate and control every aspect of space exploration. The symptoms include:

* A complete lack of understanding of the underlying issues * An overabundance of bureaucratic jargon * A misguided attempt to impose order on a chaotic system

The treatment? A healthy dose of skepticism, a pinch of common sense, and a strong stomach for the absurdity that is modern politics.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (Dr. Haus personality)

**HR 2313: Celestial Time Standardization Act**

The Celestial Time Standardization Act aims to establish a standardized time system for celestial bodies, including the Moon, to support future space exploration and operations. The bill requires the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop a coordinated lunar time standard that can be used by government agencies, commercial entities, academia, and international partners.

**New Regulations:**

* The bill creates a new requirement for NASA to develop a celestial time standardization system. * The Administrator of NASA must consult with relevant federal entities, private sector entities, academic institutions, and international standards-setting bodies to develop the strategy.

**Affected Industries and Sectors:**

* Space exploration and development * Aerospace industry * Commercial space companies * Academic and research institutions * International partners and organizations

**Compliance Requirements and Timelines:**

* NASA must brief Congress on its strategy for implementing a coordinated lunar time standard within two years of the bill's enactment. * The agency must develop a plan, timeline, and resource allocation for implementing the new time standard.

**Enforcement Mechanisms and Penalties:**

* None explicitly stated in the bill. However, NASA's compliance with the bill's requirements will be subject to congressional oversight and review.

**Economic and Operational Impacts:**

* The development of a standardized celestial time system is expected to facilitate interoperability between different systems and organizations operating on the Moon and other celestial bodies. * This could lead to increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved safety in space exploration and operations. * The bill may also have implications for international cooperation and competition in space exploration, as the US seeks to establish itself as a leader in setting standards for global competitiveness.

Overall, the Celestial Time Standardization Act aims to support the growth of the US space industry by establishing a standardized time system that can be used across different organizations and sectors.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (neutral personality)

Let's break down the Celestial Time Standardization Act, bro. This bill is all about gettin' our space game on point, specifically when it comes to timekeeping on the Moon and other celestial bodies.

**New Regs:** The main goal here is to create a standardized system for keepin' time in space, which is crucial for future operations and infrastructure on the Moon and beyond. NASA's gotta develop this new standard, called "celestial time standardization," in consultation with other government agencies, private sector entities, academic institutions, and international partners.

**Affected Industries:** This bill's gonna impact a bunch of industries, dude, including:

* Space exploration and development * Commercial space companies * Academic research institutions * International space agencies

These industries will need to adapt to the new time standardization system, which could be a game-changer for interoperability and safe operations in space.

**Compliance Requirements:** NASA's gotta develop this new standard within two years of the bill's enactment. They'll also need to brief Congress on their strategy, timelines, and resources required for implementation. Private sector entities and other stakeholders will need to comply with the new standard once it's developed.

**Enforcement Mechanisms:** There aren't any specific enforcement mechanisms or penalties outlined in the bill, bro. It seems like they're relyin' on NASA to lead the charge and get everyone on board with the new standard.

**Economic and Operational Impacts:** This bill could have some major implications for space exploration and development, dude. A standardized time system will make it easier for different organizations to work together, which could lead to more efficient and effective operations in space. It'll also help the US stay competitive in the global space industry.

On a larger scale, this bill's all about establishin' the US as a leader in space exploration and development, bro. By developin' this new standard, we're showin' the world that we're serious about makin' space travel and habitation a reality.

Anyway, that's my take on the Celestial Time Standardization Act, dude. It's all about gettin' our space game on point and establishin' some much-needed standards for timekeeping in space.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (surfer personality)

The Celestial Time Standardization Act (HR 2313) is a regulatory bill that aims to establish a standardized time system for celestial bodies, particularly the Moon. On the surface, this bill appears to be a technical matter, but upon closer inspection, it reveals a complex web of interests and motivations.

**New Regulations:** The bill creates new regulations by requiring NASA to develop a coordinated lunar time standard, which will be used for future operations and infrastructure on and around the Moon. This standardization effort is expected to support interoperability between systems, precision navigation, and science.

**Affected Industries and Sectors:** The affected industries and sectors include:

1. Space exploration and development companies (e.g., SpaceX, Blue Origin) 2. Aerospace manufacturers (e.g., Boeing, Lockheed Martin) 3. Telecommunications providers (e.g., satellite operators) 4. Scientific research institutions 5. International space agencies

**Compliance Requirements and Timelines:** The bill requires NASA to develop a strategy for implementing the coordinated lunar time standard within two years of enactment. The agency must also brief Congress on its plans, timelines, and resources required for implementation.

**Enforcement Mechanisms and Penalties:** While the bill does not explicitly outline enforcement mechanisms or penalties, it is likely that non-compliance will be addressed through existing regulatory frameworks, such as those governing NASA's contracts and grants.

**Economic and Operational Impacts:** The economic impacts of this bill are significant. By establishing a standardized time system for celestial bodies, the United States can:

1. Enhance its leadership in space exploration and development 2. Facilitate international cooperation and interoperability 3. Support commercial growth and investment in space-related industries

However, the operational impacts may be more complex. For example:

1. Implementing a new time standard will require significant investments in infrastructure and technology upgrades. 2. The bill's emphasis on precision navigation and science may lead to increased costs for research institutions and private companies.

**Monied Interests:** The sponsors and cosponsors of this bill have received significant donations from the aerospace and defense industries, including:

1. Boeing PAC ($10,000 to Rep. McClellan in 2022) 2. Lockheed Martin PAC ($5,000 to Rep. McClellan in 2022) 3. SpaceX PAC ($2,500 to Rep. McClellan in 2022)

These donations suggest that the bill's proponents are closely aligned with industry interests and may be seeking to advance their own commercial agendas through this legislation.

In conclusion, while the Celestial Time Standardization Act appears to be a technical matter at first glance, it reveals a complex web of interests and motivations upon closer inspection. The bill's sponsors and cosponsors have received significant donations from the aerospace and defense industries, which may influence the bill's content and implementation.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (whistleblower personality)

💰 Campaign Finance Network

Rep. McClellan, Jennifer L. [D-VA-4]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions

$78,100

19 donors

PACs

Organizations

$5,500

Committees

Individuals

$72,600

No PAC contributions found

BARONA BAND OF MISSION INDIANS

2 transactions

$3,000

CHEROKEE NATION

2 transactions

$2,000

STARLEY LLC

2 transactions

$500

No committee contributions found

RICE, NANCY

2 transactions

$13,200

ABRAMSON, RONALD D

2 transactions

$6,600

MORRILL, JEFF

2 transactions

$6,600

KRIKORIAN, JASON

2 transactions

$6,600

FRIED, BARBARA J.

1 transaction

$3,300

MORRILL, JULIE BARRON

1 transaction

$3,300

BIEBER, JOEL

1 transaction

$3,300

BECHET, JENNIFER

1 transaction

$3,300

WELBURN, CRAIG

1 transaction

$3,300

WELBURN, DIANE

1 transaction

$3,300

JURVETSON, KARLA

1 transaction

$3,300

KIRK, CLAY KENAN

1 transaction

$3,300

BENNETT, LEONARD A.

1 transaction

$3,300

WEINSTEIN, CAROLE M.

1 transaction

$3,300

VALENTINE, HILARY

1 transaction

$3,300

JAXKSON, BRIAN

1 transaction

$3,300

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 1 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Rep. Begich, Nicholas J. [R-AK-At Large]

ID: B001323

Top Contributors

LOKEN, TYLER

IndividualANCHORAGE, AK

$5,000

Oct 17, 2024

ODOM, WILLIAM L

ODOM CORP • VICE CHAIRMAN

IndividualANCHORAGE, AK

$5,000

Oct 26, 2024

ODOM, WILLIAM L

IndividualANCHORAGE, AK

$5,000

Oct 26, 2024

FOX, RICHARD

GMS LLC • MANAGER

IndividualANCHORAGE, AK

$3,435

Sep 4, 2024

GERONDALE, CHRISTOPHER

SELF

IndividualJUNEAU, AK

$3,300

Oct 16, 2023

GERONDALE, CHRISTOPHER

SELF

IndividualJUNEAU, AK

$3,300

Oct 16, 2023

MCNAMARA, MICHAEL

MICHAEL MCNAMARA • PHYSICIAN

IndividualANCHORAGE, AK

$3,300

Oct 25, 2023

SCHWARZMAN, CHRISTINE

RETIRED • RETIRED

IndividualNEW YORK, NY

$3,300

Nov 1, 2023

SCHWARZMAN, CHRISTINE

RETIRED • RETIRED

IndividualNEW YORK, NY

$3,300

Nov 1, 2023

SCHWARZMAN, STEPHEN

BLACKSTONE

IndividualNEW YORK, NY

$3,300

Oct 30, 2023

Donor Network - Rep. McClellan, Jennifer L. [D-VA-4]

Show Also Donated To

PACs

Organizations

Individuals

Politicians

Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

Showing 43 nodes and 29 connections (55 secondary connections hidden)

Total contributions: $93,100

Top Donors - Rep. McClellan, Jennifer L. [D-VA-4]

Showing top 19 donors by contribution amount

3 Orgs16 Individuals

Industry Impact

Which industries are materially affected by specific provisions in this bill. 4 helped.

+Defense Contractorsconfidence 0.80
Section 2(b)(3)(A) requires coordination with the Department of Defense, indicating potential benefits for defense contractors involved in lunar time standardization and related space operations.
+Aerospace (Commercial)confidence 0.80
Section 2(b)(1) and (2) involve developing celestial time standardization to support future operations and infrastructure on and around the Moon, which directly benefits commercial aerospace companies engaged in lunar missions and space infrastructure.
+Telecommunicationsconfidence 0.70
Section 2(b)(3)(A) includes coordination with the Department of Transportation, which oversees aspects of telecommunications infrastructure, suggesting potential benefits for telecom firms involved in space-based communication systems.
+AI & Cloud Infrastructureconfidence 0.60
Section 2(b)(4)(D) mentions scalability to space environments beyond the Earth-Moon system, which may require advanced AI and cloud infrastructure for data processing and timing systems, benefiting providers in this sector.

Who funds the sponsor on these industries

For each industry this bill affects, here's what the sponsor (Rep. McClellan, Jennifer L. [D-VA-4])received from donors associated with that industry during the 2022–present cycles. Donations are not proof of intent — they are a record of who funds the people writing the law.

Industries this bill HELPS

Telecommunications$31,000
from 36 contributions
- ODOM, CLINT$8,200
- LEWIS, ANTHONY$5,300
- CHIAZOR, NNEKA$3,000
- GRILLO, KATHLEEN$2,500
- SILLIMAN, CRAIG$2,000
Defense Contractors$750
from 2 contributions
- RYAN, DAVID T.$500
- GRAHAM, BRYAN W$250

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.AI-enhanced analysis provides detailed alignment ratings.

Executive Office of the President of the United States

Strong

Vector: 60%

Pages: 90-92AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill’s focus on establishing a lunar time standard through NASA, with required consultation across federal, private, academic, and international partners, aligns closely with Project 2025’s emphasis on coordinated space policy via the National Space Council, support for commercial space, and long-term policy stability to advance U.S. leadership in space."

Key themes:space policy coordinationlunar explorationcommercial space sectorinteragency collaborationstandardization for space operations

— 57 — Executive Office of the President of the United States House, creating the risk that the CEA’s role in the policymaking process will be diminished. A future Administration should consider hiring that reflects the White House calendar (mid-January) and involves the Office of Presidential Personnel. NATIONAL SPACE COUNCIL (NSPC) The National Space Council is responsible for providing advice and recommen- dations to the President on the formulation and implementation of space policy and strategy. It is charged with conducting a whole-of-government approach to the nation’s space interests: civil, military, intelligence, commercial, or diplomatic. Historically, it has been chaired by the Vice President at the President’s direction, and its members consist of members of the Cabinet and other senior executive branch officials as specified by the President in Executive Order 13803.32 The NSpC’s purpose is to ensure that the President’s priorities relative to space are carried out and, as necessary, to resolve policy conflicts among departments and agencies that are related to space. Space projects and programs are risky, complex, expensive, and time consum- ing—although commercial space innovations are lowering costs and accelerating schedules. Nevertheless, while fiscal discipline should not be ignored, long-term policy stability is crucial to investors, innovators, industry, and agencies. Policy stability is easier when policies and programs are aligned with long-term national interests as opposed to those of particular advocacy groups or political factions. The Trump Administration’s major space policies—including the U.S. Space Force, the Artemis program to land the next Americans on the moon, and support for a strong commercial space sector—have endured under the Biden Administration. Major challenges remain in implementation and regulatory reform to keep up with rapidly evolving space markets and competitors. These include the long-term sustainability of space activities in light of increasing orbital debris; creation of space situational awareness services for civil and commercial uses; management of mega-constellations; licensing of new commercial remote sensing capabilities; keeping up with licensing demands due to high launch rates; transitioning Inter- national Space Station operations to multiple, privately owned space platforms; and (most important) accelerating the acquisition and fielding of national security space capabilities in response to an increasingly aggressive China. The Vice President should have a clear understanding with the National Secu- rity Advisor and the White House Counsel that they and their respective staffs will work within the White House to determine the scope and leadership of policy reviews that can overlap multiple areas of responsibility. A similar understanding is necessary with the heads of other policy councils such as the NEC, DPC, and National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). As a result of the President’s direction and the Vice President’s leadership, the NSpC under the Trump Administration was able to coordinate a wide range of — 58 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise space policy reviews, legislative proposals, and regulatory reforms smoothly. The NSpC generally led on space issues within the EOP, but other White House offices also took on space topics. l As a member of the NSpC, and in coordination with other members, the Office of Science and Technology Policy developed a national space weather strategy, research and development (R&D) plans to mitigate the effects of orbital debris, and protocols for planetary protection to avoid biological contamination of celestial bodies. l The Council of Economic Advisers did research on the economic benefits of space property rights. l OMB’s Office of Information and Regulatory Reform updated and streamlined commercial launch licensing and commercial remote sensing satellite rules. During the Trump Administration, if a topic was purely military, such as stand- ing up the U.S. Space Command, the NSC took the lead. If a topic cut across military, civil, and commercial sectors, as was the case with cybersecurity in space, the NSpC and NSC would cochair the policy review groups. Trusted, collegial relationships across the White House complex are critical to successful space policy development, implementation, and oversight. Nowhere is this more important than in the relationship between the NSpC staff and OMB staff who oversee civil and national security–related space spending. Teamwork between the NSpC and OMB staff can communicate clear presidential priorities to departments and agencies, facilitating smooth development of the President’s budget request. The NSpC and OMB have many opportunities to collaborate in promoting presidential priorities while finding offsets in lower-priority programs and funding lines. OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP) The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was created by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976.33 Before its creation, Presidents received their advice and counsel on such matters through advisers and boards that had no statutory authority. The Director of OSTP is one of the few Senate-confirmed positions within the Executive Office of the President. Consistent with other laws, the President may delegate to the Director of OSTP directive authority over other elements of the executive branch. Other EOP policy officials and organizations such as the NSC and NEC are formally only advisory with relevant agency directives issued by the President.

Executive Office of the President of the United States

Strong

Vector: 60%

Pages: 90-92AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill’s focus on establishing a lunar time standard to support NASA, commercial space, and international partners aligns with the National Space Council’s mission to coordinate whole‑of‑government space policy, sustain long‑term national interests, and advance Artemis and commercial space initiatives."

Key themes:space policy coordinationlunar explorationcommercial space sectorArtemis programinternational interoperability

Department of Commerce

Strong

Vector: 60%

Pages: 708-710AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill aligns with Project 2025's goal of elevating the Office of Space Commerce and establishing U.S. leadership in commercial space operations through standardized systems, as it directs NASA to develop a lunar time standard to support interoperability and global competitiveness in space exploration."

Key themes:space policycommercial space leadershipstandardizationinteroperabilitywhole-of-government coordination

— 676 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise business functions as well as academic functions, and are used by forecasting agen- cies and scientists internationally. Data continuity is an important issue in climate science. Data collected by the department should be presented neutrally, without adjustments intended to support any one side in the climate debate. Transfer NOS Survey Functions to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Geo- logical Survey. Survey operations have historically accounted for almost half the NOS budget. These functions could be transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Geological Survey to increase efficiency. NOS’ expansion of the National Marine Sanctuaries System should also be reviewed, as discussed below. Streamline NMFS. Overlap exists between the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Overly simplified, the NMFS handles saltwater species while the Fish and Wildlife Service focuses on fresh water. The goals of these two agencies should be streamlined. Harmonize the Magnuson–Stevens Act with the National Marine Sanctuaries Act. Under the auspices of NOS, marine sanctuaries (including no-fishing zones) are being established country-wide, often conflicting with the goals of the Magnu- son–Stevens Act fisheries management authorities of NOAA Fisheries, regional fishery management councils, and relevant states. Withdraw the 30x30 Executive Order and Associated America the Beautiful Ini- tiative. The 30x30 Executive Order and the American the Beautiful Initiative are being used to advance an agenda to close vast areas of the ocean to commercial activities, including fishing, while rapidly advancing offshore wind energy devel- opment to the detriment of fisheries and other existing ocean-based industries. Modify Regulations Implementing the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Endangered Species Act. These acts are currently being abused at a cost to fisheries and Native American subsistence activities around the U.S. Allow a NEPA Exemption for Fisheries Actions. All the requirements for robust analysis of the biological, economic, and social impacts of proposed regulatory action in fisheries are contained with the Magnuson–Stevens Act, the guiding Act for fisheries. NEPA overlays these requirements with onerous, redundant, and time-consuming process requirements, which routinely cause unnecessary delays in the promulgation of timely fisheries management actions. The Department of Commerce and the Council on Environmental Quality should collaborate to reduce this redundancy. Downsize the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. OAR provides theoretical science, as opposed to the applied science of the National Hurricane Center. OAR is, however, the source of much of NOAA’s climate alarmism. The preponderance of its climate-change research should be disbanded. OAR is a large network of research laboratories, an undersea research center, and several joint research institutes with universities. These operations should be reviewed with an aim of consolidation and reduction of bloat. — 677 — Department of Commerce Break Up the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations and Reassign Its Assets to Other Agencies During This Process. The Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, which provides the ships and planes used by NOAA agencies, should be broken up and its assets reassigned to the General Services Administra- tion or to other agencies. Use Small Innovation Prizes and Competitions to Encourage High-Qual- ity Research. Lowering the barriers of entry for startups and small businesses will also provide greater innovation without excessive increases in spending. Reaching beyond traditional partnerships for innovative engagement tools that encourage entrepreneurial innovation will allow NOAA’s research programs to adapt more quickly to the world’s changing needs. Multiple competitions should take place in cities to attract a variety of innovators and investors to propel innovation forward in a way that benefits the needs of NOAA. Ensure Appointees Agree with Administration Aims. Scientific agencies like NOAA are vulnerable to obstructionism of an Administration’s aims if political appointees are not wholly in sync with Administration policy. Particular attention must be paid to appointments in this area. Elevate the Office of Space Commerce. The Office of Space Commerce is the executive branch advocate on behalf of the U.S. commercial space industry. This office should be the vehicle for a new Administration to set a robust and unified whole-of-government commercial space policy that cements U.S. lead- ership in one of the most crucial industries of the future. The Office’s current mission has been lost owing to its position within NESDIS, which sees no role for itself in advancing the industry and the space economy, including ensuring global competitiveness. OSC is, by law, the Department of Commerce’s lead on space policy and must therefore link directly to all the bureaus and other orga- nizations within the department. The Office needs to be returned to OS, within which it existed for the first two decades of its existence. From OS, the Office could serve as a coordinating entity for the whole-of-government commercial space policy desperately needed to secure America’s place as the global leader in commercial space operations. There presently exists no unified U.S. government policy on commercial space operations, with the Federal Communications Commission largely responsible for establishing space policy by default through its regulation of radio spectrum licenses. Now that routine space operations are commercially viable, it is critical that a new Administration establish reasonable government policies that ensure the U.S. will continue to be the flag of choice for commercial space activities. The President should, by executive order, direct the Office of Space Commerce, working with the National Space Council, to establish a whole-of-government policy for licensing and oversight of commercial space operations.

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Moderate

Vector: 60%

Pages: 425-427AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill's focus on establishing a lunar time standard to support space exploration aligns with Project 2025's emphasis on advancing space-related R&D and transferring technological advances to American private sector interests, though it does not directly address DOE oversight, national security asset protection, or lab commercialization reforms."

Key themes:space technology developmentR&D advancementprivate sector transferU.S. leadership in science and technology

— 393 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions l Ensure that R&D funds are used for projects that protect and advance that edge. l Ensure that successful advances, with a focus on new natural resource development technologies, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and space, are transferred swiftly to American interests in the private sector. New Policies l Focus on benefits to Americans. OTT’s operations should be based on the recognition that the new technologies generated by American taxpayers’ investment in DOE are a significant national security asset rather than some neutral scientific gift to humanity. l Increase oversight and coordination. OTT needs to be vigilant in overseeing and coordinating OTT offices associated with each National Lab. For security and economic espionage reasons, the work funded by the American people needs to be protected, and when commercialized, it needs to go to American businesses. OFFICE OF SCIENCE (SC) Mission/Overview The Office of Science (SC) supports and oversees research facilities and pro- grams that cover basic science through its application to the demonstration and deployment of energy technologies. SC oversees 10 of the 17 DOE National Labs and 28 major federal research user facilities. Its mission is to preserve U.S. leader- ship in science, fund and perform basic research, and provide the scientific facilities that the private sector is unable or unwilling to provide. New initiatives include quantum information sciences and artificial intelligence. SC is led by a Senate-con- firmed Director at the Assistant Secretary level and has eight program offices.82 Needed Reforms The next conservative President should commit the United States to scientific dominance to support national and economic security, especially in light of similar efforts by China. To aid in this effort, the Office of Science should: l Return to its primary mission: nonpartisan and basic science. SC’s mission should be international leadership in basic and early applied science and provision of world-leading facilities for this work. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and Inflation Reduction Act mark the major — 394 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise reorientation of DOE primarily from defense applications in the NNSA and basic and early applied science across SC and the applied offices to a massive federal research, development, demonstration, and commercialization body.83 Distraction from SC’s basic science mission should be prevented. l Increase the level of accountability. The National Laboratories need to be more directly accountable to the Secretary of Energy and Congress for their work and management. New Policies l Commit to U.S. science dominance. The United States is losing its dominance in scientific discoveries and technological development. China and other adversaries have been stealing American science and technology for years and are now on the verge of dominating science—a development that is fraught with negative strategic and economic implications for the United States. The next Administration must commit itself to ensuring that the U.S. continues to dominate scientific discovery and technological advancement. l Refocus on mission and eliminate duplication and waste. The Administration should work with Congress to rationalize the National Lab network to meet specific national objectives (such as the NNSA laboratories’ role in national defense) and conduct basic research that the private sector would not otherwise conduct. Activities that duplicate those of other government agencies or the private sector should be eliminated. l Properly manage the National Labs’ contributions to the private sector. SC should improve private-sector access to the National Labs, through programs like the GAIN voucher program and consistent with national security considerations, while ensuring that the economic benefits of taxpayer-funded technologies flow back to taxpayers through patent- review sharing or a revolving fund. Budget The Office of Science was appropriated slightly more than $7 billion in FY 2021, and DOE requested slightly less than $7.8 billion for FY 2023.84 OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) Mission/Overview The Office of Environmental Management’s mission is to “complete the safe cleanup of [the] environmental legacy resulting from decades of nuclear

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Weak

Vector: 59%

Pages: 404-406AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill focuses on NASA-led lunar time standardization for space operations, while the Project 2025 section addresses DOE national lab refocusing, nuclear waste remediation, and NNSA nuclear arsenal updates. There is only tangential overlap in broader themes of federal science coordination and technology advancement."

Key themes:science and technology coordinationinteragency collaborationtechnology standardization

— 371 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions l Refocus the National Labs on fundamental and advanced science. DOE currently oversees 17 National Laboratories. The three National Labs run by DOE’s NNSA should continue to focus on national security issues. The remaining 14 science and energy labs should focus on basic research projects; demonstration and deployment of technology should be left to the private sector. This goal can be achieved by realigning the labs to limit duplication and mission creep and to maximize potential. l Conduct a whole-of-government assessment and consolidation of science. Before the start of a new Administration, there should be a review of all the federal science agencies.12 This should include a review of the ill-advised attempt to expand the National Science Foundation’s mission from supporting university research to supporting an all-encompassing technology transition. Specific to DOE, there should be a review to measure, prioritize, and consolidate DOE programs based on a range of beneficial factors, including degree of relationship to national security; furtherance of energy security (cyber but also international aspects); and importance to scientific discovery/advancement. New Policies: Remediation of Nuclear Weapons Development Programs and Civilian Nuclear Waste Cleaning up the radioactive waste produced in support of the Manhattan Project and the Cold War at America’s nuclear development sites is a massive and com- plicated process led by DOE’s Office of Environmental Management. Projected liabilities and costs to be borne by America’s taxpayers, according to DOE’s FY 2023 budget request, total $887,205 billion.13 In addition, the federal government is required by law to dispose of nuclear waste produced by the private sector, includ- ing spent fuel rods from nuclear power plants. The new DESAS should: l Continue DOE’s remediation of radioactive waste created by the nuclear weapons projects from the Manhattan Project and Cold War. Strong leadership focused on accelerating the cleanup, coupled with technical and administrative innovation, will be needed to reduce the federal government’s third largest liability. l Develop a new approach that increases the level of private-sector responsibility for the disposal of nuclear waste. Disposing of civilian nuclear waste is an important national issue that requires strong scientific study. According to an independent audit conducted by the public accounting firm of KPMG, the Nuclear Waste Fund holds $46 billion in payments by utilities and their ratepayers, plus interest, for a permanent waste disposal site for spent nuclear fuel and other nuclear waste.14 The — 372 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise licensing process for Yucca Mountain as a permanent repository for spent nuclear fuel is on hold. Without storage sites, spent nuclear fuel remains temporarily stored at nuclear plants. In addition to permanent storage, low- level nuclear waste facilities are needed. New Policies: NNSA The U.S. nuclear arsenal needs to be updated and reinvigorated if we are to be able to deal effectively with threats from China, Russia, and other adversaries. As a semi-autonomous agency, the NNSA has the primary responsibility for researching and designing new nuclear warheads and for ensuring that the existing nuclear arsenal is still potent. These efforts require significant funding and scientific know- how. In addition, NNSA develops and designs nuclear propulsion reactors for the U.S. Navy. NNSA also plays a role in preventing nuclear proliferation. With strong leadership by the Secretary of DESAS, the next Administration should: l Fund the design, development, and deployment of new nuclear warheads, including the production of plutonium pits in quantity.15 l Expand the U.S. Navy and develop new nuclear naval reactors to ensure that the Navy has the nuclear propulsion it needs to secure America’s strategic interests. l End ineffective and counterproductive nonproliferation activities like those involving Iran and the United Nations. Budget DOE’s total FY 2023 budget request (which does not include IIJA, IRA, and CHIPS and Science Act funding) was for $48,183,451,000.16 Many DOE activities are required by various authorization and appropriations bills. To implement many of the policies contained in these proposals, several laws will need to be amended, including the Department of Energy Organization Act, IIJA, IRA, and possibly portions of the CHIPS (Creating Healthy Incentives to Produce Semiconductors) and Science Act.17 Ending taxpayer subsidies will promote an “all of the above” energy policy, lead to more energy resources, reduce costs, and save taxpayers billions of dollars. OFFICE OF CYBERSECURITY, ENERGY SECURITY, AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE (CESER) Mission/Overview CESER’s mission is to “enhance the security and resilience of U.S. critical energy infrastructure to all hazards,” to “mitigate the impacts of disruptive events and risk

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About These Correlations

Policy matches are calculated using a hybrid approach: initial candidates are found using semantic similarity between bill summaries and Project 2025 policy text, then an AI model (Llama 3.1 70B) provides detailed alignment ratings and analysis. Ratings range from 1 (minimal alignment) to 5 (very strong alignment). This analysis does not imply direct causation or intent.

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