Hershel Woody Williams National Medal of Honor Monument Location Act

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Bill ID: 119/hr/186
Last Updated: September 7, 2026

Sponsored by

Rep. Moore, Blake D. [R-UT-1]

ID: M001213

Follow the money

The bill

Hershel Woody Williams National Medal of Honor Monument Location Act

HR. 186, 119th Congress — read as touching Defense Contractors.

The sponsor

Rep. Moore, Blake D. [R-UT-1]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$99,500 raised

24 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

85% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Department of Defense" section, p. 161-163 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 119-238.

December 8, 2025

Introduced

Committee Review

📍 Current Status

Next: The bill moves to the floor for full chamber debate and voting.

🗳️

Floor Action

✅

Passed House

🏛️

Senate Review

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Another masterpiece of legislative theater, brought to you by the same geniuses who thought it was a good idea to put a monument to the "War on Terror" in the middle of the National Mall.

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The Hershel Woody Williams National Medal of Honor Monument Location Act is a bill that's supposed to honor the Medal of Honor recipients by authorizing a commemorative work on the National Mall. But let's be real, folks, this is just a thinly veiled attempt to pander to veterans' groups and score some cheap patriotic points.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill essentially overrides existing law (40 U.S.C. 8908(c)) to allow the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation to build their monument within the Reserve, which is a fancy way of saying "right next to the Lincoln Memorial." Because what's more American than building a monument to ourselves right next to Honest Abe?

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The usual suspects are involved here: veterans' groups, politicians looking for photo ops, and the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation, which is probably just a front for some wealthy donors who want their names on a plaque.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** This bill will have all the impact of a feather landing on a pillow. It's a symbolic gesture that won't actually do anything to help veterans or improve the country. But hey, it'll make for great campaign ads and press releases! The real implication here is that our politicians are more interested in grandstanding than actual governance.

Diagnosis: This bill is suffering from a severe case of "Patriotism-itis," a disease characterized by an excessive desire to appear patriotic without actually doing anything meaningful. Symptoms include empty rhetoric, pointless legislation, and a complete lack of substance. Treatment: a healthy dose of skepticism and a strong stomach for the inevitable disappointment that comes with watching our politicians in action.

Prognosis: This bill will pass with flying colors, because who doesn't love a good patriotic gesture? But don't expect it to actually accomplish anything worthwhile. It's just another example of our government's ability to waste time and resources on meaningless gestures while ignoring the real problems facing this country.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (Dr. Haus personality)

💰 Campaign Finance Network

Rep. Moore, Blake D. [R-UT-1]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions
$99,500
21 donors
PACs
$0
Organizations
$18,200
Committees
$0
Individuals
$81,300

No PAC contributions found

1
JLS HOLDINGS LLC
1 transaction
$9,900
2
THE CHICKASAW NATION
1 transaction
$3,300
3
HEMMCO LLC
1 transaction
$2,500
4
R & O CONSTRUCTION
1 transaction
$2,500

No committee contributions found

1
MOORE, BRENT
2 transactions
$12,000
2
LOCKWOOD, DAVID
3 transactions
$9,900
3
PARKER, ALEXANDRA
1 transaction
$6,600
4
PARKER, SEAN
1 transaction
$6,600
5
KAUFMAN, TRENT
1 transaction
$6,600
6
CHANG, JASON
1 transaction
$3,300
7
REHNERT, GEOFFREY
1 transaction
$3,300
8
HALL, JEREMY
1 transaction
$3,300
9
FORREST, CHAD B
1 transaction
$3,300
10
WALKER, TODD
1 transaction
$3,300
11
BAILEY, BRETT M.
1 transaction
$3,300
12
BAILEY, KIM
1 transaction
$3,300
13
FORREST, SHANNON
1 transaction
$3,300
14
DUHAMEL, WILLIAM F.
1 transaction
$3,300
15
SMITH, BURR
1 transaction
$3,300
16
EDWARDS, TAMMY
1 transaction
$3,300
17
FORREST, CLINT
1 transaction
$3,300

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 8 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Rep. Veasey, Marc A. [D-TX-33]

ID: V000131

Top Contributors

23

1
ALABAMA-COUSHATTA TRIBE
OrganizationLIVINGSTON, TX
$1,000
Sep 26, 2024
2
BGR GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS, LLC
OrganizationWASHINGTON, DC
$500
Mar 5, 2024
3
LAW OFFICE OF FREDERICK GRAEFE PLLC
OrganizationWASHINGTON, DC
$500
Sep 21, 2023
4
BILLINGSLEY, LINDSAY
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualDALLAS, TX
$3,300
Dec 23, 2023
5
ENGLANDER, MARTY
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualFORT WORTH, TX
$3,300
Oct 13, 2023
6
ENGLANDER, MARTY
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualFORT WORTH, TX
$3,300
Oct 13, 2023
7
FINLEY, JAMES D.
FINLEY RESOURCES, INC. • OWNER/CEO
IndividualFT WORTH, TX
$3,300
Dec 31, 2023
8
FINLEY, JAMES D.
FINLEY RESOURCES, INC. • OWNER/CEO
IndividualFT WORTH, TX
$3,300
Dec 31, 2023
9
FLOWERS, BRIAN
SELF • PHYSICIAN
IndividualWESTLAKE, TX
$3,300
Nov 6, 2023
10
FLOWERS, BRIAN
SELF • PHYSICIAN
IndividualWESTLAKE, TX
$3,300
Nov 6, 2023

Rep. Webster, Daniel [R-FL-11]

ID: W000806

Top Contributors

20

1
SILVERMAN, JEFFREY
IndividualSURFSIDE, FL
$6,600
Apr 18, 2024
2
BRADLEY, JACQUELINE
RETIRED • RETIRED
IndividualKESWICK, VA
$6,600
Apr 15, 2024
3
SILVERMAN, JEFFREY
RETIRED • RETIRED
IndividualSURFSIDE, FL
$6,600
Feb 15, 2024
4
FILBURN, MARK
WHITESTONE CONSTRUCTION • PRESIDENT
IndividualLONGWOOD, FL
$3,400
Jun 26, 2024
5
FILBURN, MARK
IndividualLONGWOOD, FL
$3,400
Sep 4, 2024
6
ASNESS, CLIFF
AQR • EXECUTIVE
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Jun 6, 2024
7
ASNESS, LAUREL
MARCUM LLP • EXECUTIVE
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Jun 6, 2024
8
BEUCHER, NICK
CEO • TAVISTOCK FINANCIAL CORPORATION
IndividualORLANDO, FL
$3,300
May 28, 2024
9
BRADLEY, JACQUELINE
RETIRED • RETIRED
IndividualKESWICK, VA
$3,300
Apr 18, 2024
10
DEVORE, DEBBIE
SEA & SHORELINE • ACCOUNTANT
IndividualWINTER GARDEN, FL
$3,300
May 31, 2024

Rep. Ellzey, Jake [R-TX-6]

ID: E000071

Top Contributors

34

1
CHEROKEE NATION
OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK
$3,300
Nov 5, 2024
2
BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS AGUA CALIENTE
OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Feb 9, 2024
3
INDIAN COMMUNITY AK-CHIN
OrganizationMARICOPA, AZ
$3,300
Feb 9, 2024
4
BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS AGUA CALIENTE
OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Sep 30, 2024
5
PECHANGA BAND OF INDIANS
OrganizationTEMECULA, CA
$3,000
Nov 6, 2023
6
CHEROKEE NATION
OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK
$2,500
Dec 11, 2023
7
TIGUA INDIAN RESERVATION TRIBAL COUNCIL GENERAL FUND
OrganizationEL PASO, TX
$2,500
Aug 9, 2023
8
INDIAN COMMUNITY AK-CHIN
OrganizationMARICOPA, AZ
$2,000
Sep 30, 2024
9
ALABAMA-COUSHATTA TRIBE
OrganizationLIVINGSTON, TX
$1,000
Oct 16, 2024
10
TALK FARMS
OrganizationITASCA, TX
$500
Dec 31, 2023

Rep. Miller, Carol D. [R-WV-1]

ID: M001205

Top Contributors

20

1
SCHUMACHER, AMANDA
SCHUMACHER AUTO • VICE PRESIDENT
IndividualWEST PALM BEACH, FL
$25,000
May 17, 2023
2
HALL, DANIEL
HALL STRATEGIES LLC • GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS CONSULTANT
IndividualBOLT, WV
$6,600
Mar 14, 2024
3
GONZALEZ, JULIO
GONZALEZ FAMILY OFFICE • FOUNDER/PRINCIPAL
IndividualLAKE WORTH BEACH, FL
$5,000
Jan 20, 2024
4
DUNCAN, ALEXANDER
IndividualCALDWELL, WV
$3,900
Aug 8, 2024
5
WAID, CHARLIE
CHARTER BROKERAGE LLC • CEO
IndividualKATY, TX
$3,409
May 12, 2024
6
LAMPTON, LESLIE III
ERGON INC. • OWNER/DIRECTOR
IndividualJACKSON, MS
$3,300
Nov 16, 2023
7
FARRELL, PATRICK MR.
SERVICE PUMP AND SUPPLY • OWNER/EXECUTIVE
IndividualHUNTINGTON, WV
$3,300
Dec 4, 2023
8
CHAN, ANNIE
KCR DEVELOPMENT • FOUNDER
IndividualHONOLULU, HI
$3,300
Dec 29, 2023
9
RICHARDS, WAYNE
GR ENERGY SERVICES • CEO
IndividualRICHMOND, TX
$3,300
Dec 29, 2023
10
MOSS, STEPHEN
APEX PIPELINE SERVICES INC. • PRESIDENT & CEO
IndividualLIBERTY, WV
$3,300
Feb 1, 2024

Rep. Luna, Anna Paulina [R-FL-13]

ID: L000596

Top Contributors

0

No contribution data available

Rep. LaLota, Nick [R-NY-1]

ID: L000598

Top Contributors

0

No contribution data available

Rep. Hunt, Wesley [R-TX-38]

ID: H001095

Top Contributors

20

1
HUNT, RAY L.
HUNT CONSOLIDATED • CEO
IndividualDALLAS, TX
$6,600
Feb 14, 2024
2
CARAYANNOPOULOS, GEORGE
UTMB • PHYSICIAN
IndividualHOUSTON, TX
$6,600
Mar 29, 2024
3
FLORY, DAVID
NONE • RETIRED
IndividualMIAMI BEACH, FL
$6,600
May 7, 2024
4
ROWLING, ROBERT B. MR.
TRT HOLDINGS • FOUNDER
IndividualDALLAS, TX
$6,600
Dec 31, 2023
5
HILDEBRAND, MELINDA MRS.
SELF - HILCORP VENTURES • PRESIDENT
IndividualHOUSTON, TX
$5,000
Mar 20, 2023
6
HLAVINKA, TOBIAS M. MR.
AMERICAN PLANT FOOD • VP OF SALES/AGRICULTURE
IndividualHOUSTON, TX
$5,000
Feb 20, 2023
7
HARTZOGE, ALLISON
ARCHWAY SUPPORT • LPC-S
IndividualMIDLAND, TX
$5,000
Apr 11, 2023
8
CHILDERS, DOUGLAS
ARCHROCK • MANAGER
IndividualHOUSTON, TX
$3,435
Mar 31, 2024
9
HARTZOGE, ALLISON
ARCHWAY SUPPORT • LPC-S
IndividualMIDLAND, TX
$3,400
Apr 18, 2023
10
DAVIS, PHILLIP
PEOPLES BANK • BANKER
IndividualHOUSTON, TX
$3,300
Oct 15, 2024

Rep. Carbajal, Salud O. [D-CA-24]

ID: C001112

Top Contributors

38

1
PECHANGA BAND OF LUISENO INDIANS
OrganizationTEMECULA, CA
$3,300
Oct 18, 2023
2
SAN MANUEL BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationHIGHLAND, CA
$3,300
Dec 18, 2023
3
AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS
OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Jan 11, 2024
4
SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA
$3,300
Feb 24, 2023
5
SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA
$3,300
Feb 24, 2023
6
FEDERATED INDIANS OF GRATON RANCHERIA
OrganizationROHNERT PARK, CA
$3,300
Jun 30, 2023
7
FEDERATED INDIANS OF GRATON RANCHERIA
OrganizationROHNERT PARK, CA
$3,300
Jun 30, 2023
8
BARONA BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLAKESIDE, CA
$2,000
Jun 26, 2024
9
MORONGO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationBANNING, CA
$2,000
Sep 21, 2023
10
MS BAND OF CHOCTAW INDIANS
OrganizationCHOCTAW, MS
$1,500
Dec 19, 2023

Donor Network - Rep. Moore, Blake D. [R-UT-1]

PACs
Organizations
Individuals
Politicians

Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

Loading...

Showing 41 nodes and 46 connections

Total contributions: $46

Top Donors - Rep. Moore, Blake D. [R-UT-1]

Showing top 21 donors by contribution amount

4 Orgs17 Individuals

Industry Impact

Which industries are materially affected by specific provisions in this bill. 2 helped.

  • +Defense Contractorsconfidence 0.80

    Section 2 findings (2) and (4) highlight the Medal of Honor's significance in the US Armed Forces, which could positively impact the reputation and potentially the business of defense contractors, as it promotes national pride and recognition of military valor.

  • Section 3(a) authorizes the location of the National Medal of Honor Monument within the Reserve, which may lead to construction contracts for building the monument, benefiting the construction and engineering industry.

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.AI-enhanced analysis provides detailed alignment ratings.

Department of Defense

Strong
Vector: 56%
Pages: 161-163AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"HR 186 seeks to honor Medal of Honor recipients through a prominent national monument, which aligns with Project 2025's DoD emphasis on recognizing military valor, preserving veteran heritage, and fostering patriotism as part of defense-related priorities."

Key themes:Medal of Honor recognitionVeterans honorPatriotism and national prideMilitary heritage preservationNational Mall memorials

— 128 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise ENDNOTES 1. U.S. Constitution, Preamble, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/preamble/ (accessed February 16, 2023). 2. U.S. Constitution, Article I, § 8, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/ (accessed February 16, 2023). 3. U.S. Constitution, Article II, § 2, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/ (accessed February 16, 2023). 4. Established pursuant to S. 1605, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law No. 117-81, 117th Congress, December 27, 2021, Division A, Title X, § 1004, https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ81/ PLAW-117publ81.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 5. H.R. 3684, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Public Law No. 117-58, 117th Congress, November 15, 2021, Division G, Title IX, §§ 70901–70953, https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ58/PLAW-117publ58.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 6. S. 2943, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Public Law 114-328, 114th Congress, December 23, 2016, Division A, Title IX, § 901, https://www.congress.gov/114/statute/STATUTE-130/STATUTE-130-Pg2000. pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 7. H.R. 3622, Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Public Law No. 99-433, 99th Congress, October 1, 1986, https://www.congress.gov/99/statute/STATUTE-100/STATUTE-100-Pg992.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 8. U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Historical Sales Book, Fiscal Years 1950–2021, p. 7, https://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/dsca_historical_sales_book_FY21.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 9. Paul K. Kerr, “Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process,” Congressional Research Service Report for Members and Committees of Congress No. RL31675, updated June 10, 2022, p. 1, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/ RL31675.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 10. Keith Webster, “How to Reform America’s Military Sales Process,” The Hill Congress Blog, October 6, 2022, https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/3675933-how-to-reform-americas-military-sales-process/ (accessed February 15, 2023). 11. See Thomas W. Spoehr, “The Administration and Congress Must Act Now to Counter the Worsening Military Recruiting Crisis, Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 5283, July 28, 2022, https://www.heritage.org/sites/ default/files/2022-07/IB5283.pdf. 12. Ibid. 13. Ronald Reagan Institute, “Reagan National Defense Survey,” conducted November 2021, p. 4, https://www. reaganfoundation.org/media/358085/rndf_survey_booklet.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 14. See Paul J. Larkin, “Protecting the Nation by Employing Military Spouses,” Heritage Foundation Commentary, June 6, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/commentary/protecting-the-nation-employing- military-spouses. 15. See Jude Schwalbach, “Military Families Deserve Flexible Education Options,” Heritage Foundation Commentary, April 14, 2021, https://www.heritage.org/education/commentary/military-families-deserve- flexible-education-options. 16. See Chapter 7, “The Intelligence Community,” infra. 17. The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA); the National Security Agency (NSA); the National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency (NGA); the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO); and the intelligence and counterintelligence elements of the military services: U.S. Air Force Intelligence, U.S. Navy Intelligence, U.S. Army Intelligence, and U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence, which also receive guidance and oversight from the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (USDI). 18. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 19. The Department of Energy’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence; the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis and the intelligence and counterintelligence elements of the U.S. Coast Guard; the Department of Justice’s Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Office of National Security Intelligence; the Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research; and the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis.

Department of Veterans Affairs

Strong
Vector: 54%
Pages: 688-691AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"HR 186 directly supports the Department of Veterans Affairs' goal of honoring and preserving the legacy of veterans by authorizing a national monument for Medal of Honor recipients on the National Mall, thereby promoting recognition of valor and patriotic commemoration."

Key themes:veterans recognitionMedal of Honorpatriotic commemorationhonoring servicenational memorial

— 655 — Department of Veterans Affairs ENDNOTES 1. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Division, VHA Directive 1003, “VHA Veteran Patient Experience,” April 14, 2020, pp. 1 and B-1. 2. S. 2372, VA Mission Act of 2018, Public Law No. 115-182, 115th Congress, June 6, 2018, https://www.congress. gov/115/plaws/publ182/PLAW-115publ182.pdf (accessed January 30, 2023). 3. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA History Office, “VA History,” last updated May 27, 2021, https://www. va.gov/HISTORY/VA_History/Overview.asp (accessed January 28, 2023). 4. 38 U.S. Code § 1116, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/1116 (accessed January 28, 2023). 5. S. 3373, Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring Our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022 (Honoring Our PACT Act of 2022), Public Law No. 117-168, 117th Congress, August 10, 2022, https://www. congress.gov/117/plaws/publ168/PLAW-117publ168.pdf (accessed January 28, 2023). 6. H.R. 2471, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Public Law No. 117-103, 117th Congress, March 15, 2022, Division S, Title I, https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ103/PLAW-117publ103.pdf (accessed March 18, 2023). Known variously as the Department of Veterans Affairs Nurse and Physician Assistant Retention and Income Security Enhancement Act and the VA Nurse and Physician Assistant RAISE Act. 7. See note 5, supra. — 657 — Section Four THE ECONOMY The next Administration must prioritize the economic prosperity of ordi- nary Americans. For several decades, establishment “elites” have failed the citizenry by refusing to secure the border, outsourcing manufacturing to China and elsewhere, spending recklessly, regulating constantly, and generally controlling the country from the top down rather than letting it flourish from the bottom up. The proper role of government, as was articulated nearly 250 years ago, is to secure our God-given, unalienable rights in order that we might enjoy the pursuit of happiness, the benefits of free enterprise, and the blessings of liberty. Finding the right approach to trade policy is key to the fortunes of everyday Americans. In Chapter 26, president of the Competitive Enterprise Institute Kent Lassman and former White House director of trade and manufacturing policy Peter Navarro debate what an effective conservative trade policy would look like. Lass- man argues that the best trade policy is a humble, limited-government approach that would encourage free trade with all nations. He maintains that aggressive trade policies involve an increased government role that future leftist Administra- tions will utilize to push “climate change” and “equity”-based activism. Focusing more on gross domestic product (GDP) growth than on median income, he writes that “people mistakenly believe that U.S. manufacturing and the U.S. economy are in decline” when in truth “American manufacturing output is currently at an all-time high.” Meanwhile, we continue to experience “record-setting real GDP” despite our “long-run decline in manufacturing employment.” Lassman does not think that an aggressive U.S. trade policy would lead to more manufacturing jobs. Rather, he writes, “Federal Reserve research shows” that the

Department of Defense

Moderate
Vector: 53%
Pages: 161-163AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill honors Medal of Honor recipients, which aligns with the Department of Defense's focus on recognizing military valor and supporting veterans, though it does not directly address defense policy or readiness objectives outlined in Project 2025."

Key themes:Medal of Honor recognitionVeterans supportPatriotism and national prideMilitary valor commemoration

— 128 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise ENDNOTES 1. U.S. Constitution, Preamble, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/preamble/ (accessed February 16, 2023). 2. U.S. Constitution, Article I, § 8, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/ (accessed February 16, 2023). 3. U.S. Constitution, Article II, § 2, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/ (accessed February 16, 2023). 4. Established pursuant to S. 1605, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Public Law No. 117-81, 117th Congress, December 27, 2021, Division A, Title X, § 1004, https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ81/ PLAW-117publ81.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 5. H.R. 3684, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Public Law No. 117-58, 117th Congress, November 15, 2021, Division G, Title IX, §§ 70901–70953, https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ58/PLAW-117publ58.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 6. S. 2943, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Public Law 114-328, 114th Congress, December 23, 2016, Division A, Title IX, § 901, https://www.congress.gov/114/statute/STATUTE-130/STATUTE-130-Pg2000. pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 7. H.R. 3622, Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Public Law No. 99-433, 99th Congress, October 1, 1986, https://www.congress.gov/99/statute/STATUTE-100/STATUTE-100-Pg992.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 8. U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Historical Sales Book, Fiscal Years 1950–2021, p. 7, https://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/dsca_historical_sales_book_FY21.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 9. Paul K. Kerr, “Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process,” Congressional Research Service Report for Members and Committees of Congress No. RL31675, updated June 10, 2022, p. 1, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/ RL31675.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 10. Keith Webster, “How to Reform America’s Military Sales Process,” The Hill Congress Blog, October 6, 2022, https://thehill.com/opinion/congress-blog/3675933-how-to-reform-americas-military-sales-process/ (accessed February 15, 2023). 11. See Thomas W. Spoehr, “The Administration and Congress Must Act Now to Counter the Worsening Military Recruiting Crisis, Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 5283, July 28, 2022, https://www.heritage.org/sites/ default/files/2022-07/IB5283.pdf. 12. Ibid. 13. Ronald Reagan Institute, “Reagan National Defense Survey,” conducted November 2021, p. 4, https://www. reaganfoundation.org/media/358085/rndf_survey_booklet.pdf (accessed February 16, 2023). 14. See Paul J. Larkin, “Protecting the Nation by Employing Military Spouses,” Heritage Foundation Commentary, June 6, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/commentary/protecting-the-nation-employing- military-spouses. 15. See Jude Schwalbach, “Military Families Deserve Flexible Education Options,” Heritage Foundation Commentary, April 14, 2021, https://www.heritage.org/education/commentary/military-families-deserve- flexible-education-options. 16. See Chapter 7, “The Intelligence Community,” infra. 17. The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA); the National Security Agency (NSA); the National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency (NGA); the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO); and the intelligence and counterintelligence elements of the military services: U.S. Air Force Intelligence, U.S. Navy Intelligence, U.S. Army Intelligence, and U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence, which also receive guidance and oversight from the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (USDI). 18. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 19. The Department of Energy’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence; the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis and the intelligence and counterintelligence elements of the U.S. Coast Guard; the Department of Justice’s Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Office of National Security Intelligence; the Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research; and the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis. — 129 — Department of Defense 20. Staff Study, IC21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1996, p. 71, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA315088.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 21. Ronald O’Rourke, “Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense—Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service Report for Members and Committees of Congress No. R43838, updated November 8, 2022, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43838/93 (accessed February 15, 2023). 22. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Defense Intelligence and Security: DOD Needs to Establish Oversight Expectations and to Develop Tools That Enhance Accountability, GAO-21-295, May 2021, https://www.gao.gov/ assets/gao-21-295.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 23. The U.S. military has a long history of providing support to civil authorities, particularly in response to disasters but for other purposes as well. The Defense Department currently defines defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) as “Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, DoD civilians, DoD contract personnel, DoD Component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Governors of the affected States, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, U.S.C., status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events. Also known as civil support.” U.S. Department of Defense, Directive No. 3025.18, “Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA),” December 29, 2010, p. 16, https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/CG-5R/nsarc/DoDD%203025.18%20Defense%20Support%20 of%20Civil%20Authorities.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 24. U.S. Army, “Who We Are: The Army’s Vision and Strategy,” https://www.army.mil/about/ (accessed February 17, 2023). 25. “[T]he Army’s internal assessment must be balanced against its own statements that unit training is focused on company-level operations [reflective of counterintelligence requirements] rather than battalion or brigade operations [much less division or corps to meet large-scale ground combat operations against a peer competitor such as Russia or China]. Consequently, how these ‘ready’ brigade combat teams would perform in combat operations is an open question.” “Executive Summary” in 2023 Index of U.S. Military Strength, ed. Dakota L. Wood (Washington: The Heritage Foundation, 2023), p. 16, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws. com/2022/Military_Index/2023_IndexOfUSMilitaryStrength.pdf (accessed February 15, 2023). 26. For background on the USN’s fleet size, see Brent D. Sadler, “Rebuilding America’s Military: The United States Navy,” Heritage Foundation Special Report No. 242, February 18, 2021, https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/ files/2021-02/SR242.pdf, and Ronald O’Rourke, “Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service Report for Members and Committees of Congress No. RL32665, December 21, 2022, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32665 (accessed February 15, 2023). 27. The Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) is the process by which the services develop and the Joint Staff approves the requirements for major defense acquisitions. See Defense Acquisition University, “Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDA),” https://www.dau. edu/acquipedia/pages/articledetails.aspx#!371 (accessed February 15, 2023). 28. The board would seek to balance a mix of active military and civilians with expertise in and responsibility for major acquisitions and former military and civilians with experience in strategy and acquisitions. The proposed composition would include the Vice Chief of Naval Operations as Chairman, with three-star level membership from the Joint Staff, the Navy and Defense Acquisition Executives, and the Naval Sea Systems Command. In addition, there would be four-star retired naval officers/Navy civil servants as members, one each named by the Chairmen of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of Defense. Finally, there would be a member appointed by the Secretary of the Navy who had previous senior experience in the defense industry. 29. See James Mattis, Secretary of Defense, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge, U.S. Department of Defense, https:// dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf (accessed February 17, 2023), and U.S. Department of Defense, 2022 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America Including the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review and the 2022 Missile Defense Review, https://oldcc.gov/ resource/2022-national-defense-strategy (accessed February 17, 2023).

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