Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025

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Bill ID: 119/s/3269

Last Updated: September 7, 2026

Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025

S. 3269, 119th Congress — read as touching AI & Cloud Infrastructure.

The sponsor

Sen. McCormick, David [R-PA]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$273,350 raised

30 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

85% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Department of Energy and Related Commissions" section, p. 446-448 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 119-366.

April 14, 2026

Introduced

Committee Review

📍 Current Status

Next: The bill moves to the floor for full chamber debate and voting.

🗳️

Floor Action

✅

Passed Senate

🏛️

House Review

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Summary Style:

The Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is a bill that warrants scrutiny through the lens of its potential impact on my empire's bottom line and the broader landscape of technological innovation. As a visionary entrepreneur, I shall dissect this legislation with an eye towards identifying opportunities for growth, consolidation, and deregulation.

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The primary objective of this bill is to direct the Comptroller General to conduct a technology assessment focused on liquid cooling systems for artificial intelligence compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities. This initiative aims to inform efficient and cost-effective deployment decisions across the Federal Government, with potential implications for my own data center operations.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill defines key terms such as "liquid cooling," "direct-to-chip liquid cooling," and "immersion cooling," establishing a framework for understanding the technological landscape. It also mandates a review of research and development needs, market trends, and regulatory conditions affecting liquid cooling utilization in data centers. Notably, this legislation does not introduce significant changes to existing law but rather seeks to facilitate a comprehensive assessment of emerging technologies.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The primary stakeholders include Federal agencies, data center operators, and technology companies involved in AI research and development. As a major player in the tech industry, my own interests are directly tied to the outcome of this legislation. I will be monitoring its progress closely, as it may create opportunities for strategic partnerships, investments, or acquisitions that can further consolidate my market position.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** The Liquid Cooling for AI Act has the potential to drive innovation and reduce energy consumption in data centers, which could lead to increased compute capacity and reduced costs. According to our projections at the Atlas Think Tank, widespread adoption of liquid cooling technologies could result in a 15% reduction in energy expenditure for data center operators, translating to billions of dollars in savings. Furthermore, this legislation may pave the way for more efficient and cost-effective deployment decisions across the Federal Government, potentially creating new opportunities for public-private partnerships and collaborations.

In conclusion, the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 presents a nuanced landscape of opportunities and challenges. As a forward-thinking entrepreneur, I will continue to monitor its progress, seeking ways to leverage this legislation to further my own interests and consolidate my position in the tech industry. With the right strategic maneuvering, this bill could prove to be a catalyst for growth, innovation, and increased profitability – all of which align with my core objectives as a visionary leader in the world of technology.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (billionaire personality)

As I taught you in 8th grade, the legislative process begins with a bill's introduction, and that's exactly what we have here with S. 3269, the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025. The main purpose of this bill is to direct the Comptroller General to conduct a technology assessment on liquid cooling systems for artificial intelligence compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities. Remember when we learned about the importance of congressional oversight? This bill is a prime example of that in action.

The key provisions of this bill include the definitions of various terms related to liquid cooling, such as "2-phase," "direct-to-chip liquid cooling," and "immersion cooling." These definitions are crucial in understanding the scope of the technology assessment. As we covered in class, bills often include findings to provide context for the proposed legislation. In this case, the bill highlights the growing energy consumption of data centers and the need for more efficient cooling systems.

The affected parties and stakeholders in this bill include Federal agencies, such as the Department of Energy, which are considering deploying AI systems across government-owned facilities. The bill also mentions the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce, all of which will play a role in shaping the legislation.

As for potential impact and implications, this bill could lead to more efficient and cost-effective deployment of AI systems across the Federal Government. The technology assessment required by the bill will provide valuable insights into the research and development needs related to liquid cooling utilization by data centers. This, in turn, could inform future policy decisions and investments in this area. However, as we discussed in class, the actual impact of a bill depends on various factors, including its implementation and enforcement. It's essential to consider these factors when evaluating the potential effects of legislation.

In conclusion, S. 3269 is a bill that aims to address the growing energy consumption of data centers by promoting the use of liquid cooling systems. By understanding the main purpose, key provisions, affected parties, and potential impact of this bill, we can better appreciate the complexities of the legislative process and the importance of informed decision-making in shaping our country's policies. As I always say, a well-informed citizenry is essential to a functioning democracy, and that's why it's crucial to stay engaged with the legislative process.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (civics_teacher personality)

The Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 - just another bill, or is it? Let me decode the real intentions behind this seemingly innocuous piece of legislation.

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** On the surface, this bill aims to direct the Comptroller General to conduct a technology assessment on liquid cooling systems for artificial intelligence compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities. But, my friends, don't be fooled! The true purpose is to pave the way for the widespread adoption of AI technologies in government-owned facilities, under the guise of "efficient" and "cost-effective" deployment decisions.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** Section 2 of the bill reveals the real agenda - to promote liquid cooling technologies as a necessity for high-density AI servers and data centers. The definitions section (Section 2(b)) is particularly telling, as it carefully crafts terms like "direct-to-chip liquid cooling" and "immersion cooling" to sound innocuous, while actually laying the groundwork for a new era of government-controlled AI infrastructure.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The bill mentions Federal agencies, including the Department of Energy, as key stakeholders. But what about the real players - the tech giants, the defense contractors, and the shadowy organizations pulling the strings from behind the scenes? Don't think for a second that they're not involved in this "comprehensive, independent assessment" of emerging data center architectures.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** The bill's focus on liquid cooling technologies will undoubtedly lead to increased investment in AI research and development, further solidifying the government's grip on our digital lives. The "heat-reuse" provision (Section 2(a)(5)) is particularly suspicious, as it could be used to justify the construction of massive data centers that double as surveillance hubs. And let's not forget the potential for job displacement, as AI technologies replace human workers in critical infrastructure roles.

In conclusion, my fellow truth-seekers, the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is just another piece of the puzzle in the government's grand plan to control our digital future. Wake up, sheeple! The writing is on the wall - or rather, in the bill's carefully crafted language and definitions.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (conspiracy_uncle personality)

Folks, gather 'round! We've got a real doozy of a bill on our hands here - the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025. (wink) Now, I know what you're thinking: "Liquid cooling? Sounds like some fancy-schmancy tech stuff." And you're right! It is. But bear with me, because this bill is all about... (dramatic pause) ...freedom! That's right, folks. The freedom to compute without breaking the bank on energy costs. The freedom to innovate without being held back by outdated cooling systems. (smirk)

Now, let's get down to business.

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The main purpose of this bill is to direct the Comptroller General to conduct a technology assessment on liquid cooling systems for AI compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities. Because, you know, the elites in Washington want to make sure our data centers are running efficiently... or so they claim. (wink) The objectives are to evaluate research and development needs, market trends, and regulatory conditions affecting liquid cooling utilization.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill defines various terms related to liquid cooling, such as "2-phase," "direct-to-chip liquid cooling," and "heat-reuse." (yawn) It also requires the Comptroller General to initiate a review of research and development needs, market conditions, and regulatory factors affecting liquid cooling. Oh, and it includes some lovely definitions for terms like "AI" and "National Laboratory." Because, you know, clarity is key... or so they say.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The affected parties include Federal agencies, data center operators, and the AI industry as a whole. (dramatic music) The elites in Washington are trying to control the narrative on liquid cooling, folks! But don't worry, we're onto them. (smirk)

**Potential Impact & Implications:** The potential impact of this bill is... (pauses for dramatic effect) ...huge! It could lead to increased adoption of liquid cooling technologies, reduced energy consumption, and improved computing performance. (excitedly) But, of course, there are also risks involved - like the potential for government overreach and regulatory burdens on the industry. (gasp) The implications are far-reaching, folks. This bill could be a slippery slope towards... (dramatic pause) ...more efficient data centers! (smirk)

In conclusion, the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is a bill that's all about... (wink) ...freedom! The freedom to innovate, the freedom to compute, and the freedom to use fancy cooling systems. (chuckles) But seriously, folks, this bill has the potential to shape the future of the AI industry and our energy consumption habits. So, stay vigilant, and remember: we're watching out for your freedom

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (fox_host personality)

Another masterpiece of legislative theater, courtesy of the intellectually bankrupt denizens of Congress. Let's dissect this farce, shall we?

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is a brazen attempt to feign concern about the energy consumption of data centers while lining the pockets of tech industry cronies. The bill's primary objective is to conduct a "technology assessment" on liquid cooling systems, because, you know, that's not something private companies are already doing with their own research and development budgets.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill defines various terms related to liquid cooling, because Congress apparently thinks it needs to educate itself on basic tech concepts. It also mandates a review by the Comptroller General of the United States, which will undoubtedly result in a report that's about as useful as a participation trophy. The real change is the potential for more government contracts and subsidies for companies peddling liquid cooling solutions.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The usual suspects are involved: tech industry giants, data center operators, and the politicians they've bought and paid for. The bill's sponsors, McCormick, Coons, Budd, and Schiff, are either ignorant of the tech industry's actual needs or are simply doing the bidding of their corporate donors.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** This bill will have all the impact of a placebo on a patient with a terminal illness. It might provide some temporary PR benefits for the politicians involved, but it won't address the underlying issues of energy consumption and waste in the tech industry. The real implication is that Congress is more interested in grandstanding than actual governance. The bill's focus on liquid cooling is a red herring, distracting from more pressing concerns like the environmental impact of data centers and the lack of meaningful regulation.

In conclusion, this bill is a symptom of a deeper disease: the corruption and incompetence that plagues our political system. It's a classic case of "legislative lupus" – a chronic condition where politicians prioritize their own interests over the public good, leading to a never-ending cycle of pointless legislation and bureaucratic busywork. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have better things to do than watch this farce unfold.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (Dr. Haus personality)

**Summary of S. 3269: Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025**

### 1. Main Purpose & Objectives

The main purpose of the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is to direct the Comptroller General of the United States to conduct a technology assessment focused on liquid cooling systems for artificial intelligence (AI) compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities. The objective is to inform efficient and cost-effective deployment decisions across the Federal Government, considering the rapid growth of AI, cloud computing, and other digital technologies that are increasing electricity consumption in data centers.

### 2. Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law

The bill requires the Comptroller General to initiate a review within 30 days of enactment, focusing on research and development needs related to liquid cooling utilization by data centers, as well as market, technological, and regulatory conditions affecting this utilization. The review must include an evaluation of liquid cooling research and development needs for high-performance computing, descriptions of avoided energy costs and increased compute capacity, a survey of existing research on the effects of liquid cooling on computing performance, resiliency, and cybersecurity, and an assessment of market trends and adoption rates.

### 3. Affected Parties & Stakeholders

The affected parties and stakeholders include: - Federal agencies, particularly those considering the deployment of AI systems across Government-owned facilities. - The Department of Energy, given its role in energy policy and potential involvement in liquid cooling technologies. - Data center operators and owners, who may need to adopt or invest in liquid cooling systems. - Technology companies involved in the development and manufacturing of AI hardware and software. - Consumers and taxpayers, as efficient data center operations can lead to cost savings and reduced environmental impact.

### 4. Potential Impact & Implications

The potential impacts and implications of this bill are significant: - **Energy Efficiency:** By promoting the use of liquid cooling systems, which can be more energy-efficient than traditional air-cooled systems, especially for high-density AI servers and data centers. - **Cost Savings:** Through avoided costs of energy, including deferred and avoided new electric transmission and infrastructure upgrades. - **Increased Compute Capacity:** By enabling more energy to be used for computing workloads rather than cooling, potentially leading to advancements in AI and other computational fields. - **Environmental Impact:** Reduced electricity consumption can lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions from data centers, contributing to national goals on climate change mitigation. - **Technological Advancement:** The focus on liquid cooling could drive innovation in this area, leading to more efficient and effective cooling solutions for future computing needs.

Overall, the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 aims to address the growing energy demands of data centers, particularly those driven by AI applications, through a comprehensive assessment of liquid cooling technologies. This effort is crucial for guiding policy and investment decisions that can lead to more sustainable, efficient, and powerful computing infrastructure.

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (neutral personality)

Let's break down this gnarly bill, bro! The Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is all about gettin' a handle on the heat generated by those sick AI compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities, man. Here's the lowdown:

**Main Purpose & Objectives**: This bill aims to direct the Comptroller General to conduct a tech assessment on liquid cooling systems for AI and high-performance computing. It's like, we need to figure out how to keep these powerful machines from overheatin' and wastin' energy, bro.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law**: The bill defines some key terms like "liquid cooling," "direct-to-chip liquid cooling," and "immersion cooling." It also requires the Comptroller General to review research and development needs, market trends, and regulatory conditions affecting liquid cooling utilization. This assessment will help inform efficient and cost-effective deployment decisions across the Federal Government, man.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders**: This bill's got a bunch of stakeholders, bro – Federal agencies like the Department of Energy, data center operators, AI researchers, and even the environment, dude! We're talkin' about reducin' energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, so it's a win-win for everyone.

**Potential Impact & Implications**: If this bill becomes law, it could lead to some major changes in how we cool our AI systems, man. We might see more efficient data centers, reduced energy costs, and even improved cybersecurity, bro! The assessment will also help identify areas where liquid cooling can be used to increase compute capacity, reduce thermal load, and enable more beneficial secondary uses of waste heat, like heat-reuse, dude.

In conclusion, this bill is all about catchin' some knowledge on liquid cooling for AI and high-performance computing, man. It's a chill way to address the heat generated by these powerful machines and make our data centers more efficient and sustainable, bro! By understandin' the tech and market trends, we can make informed decisions and create a more tubular future for AI and computing, dude!

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (surfer personality)

**Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025: A Bill Shaped by Industry Interests**

The Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025, introduced by Senators McCormick, Coons, Budd, and Schiff, aims to direct the Comptroller General to conduct a technology assessment on liquid cooling systems for artificial intelligence compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities. This bill is a prime example of how industry interests can shape legislation.

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The primary objective of this bill is to assess the feasibility and benefits of adopting liquid cooling technologies in data centers, particularly for AI applications. The bill's sponsors argue that traditional air-cooled systems are becoming increasingly inefficient, and liquid cooling can improve thermal performance, reduce energy consumption, and enable higher densities.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill requires the Comptroller General to initiate a review of research and development needs related to liquid cooling utilization in data centers. This review will include an evaluation of costs and benefits, avoided energy costs, increased compute capacity, and market trends. Notably, this provision may benefit companies like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, which are already investing heavily in liquid cooling technologies for their data centers.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The bill's provisions will likely impact various stakeholders, including:

1. **Data center operators**: Companies like Equinix, Digital Realty, and CoreSite, which may need to adopt liquid cooling technologies to remain competitive. 2. **Technology vendors**: Firms like Intel, NVIDIA, and AMD, which are developing AI-focused hardware that requires efficient cooling systems. 3. **Federal agencies**: Organizations like the Department of Energy, which is considering deploying AI systems across government-owned facilities.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** The bill's passage could have significant implications for the data center industry, including:

1. **Increased adoption of liquid cooling technologies**: As the bill highlights the benefits of liquid cooling, more data centers may adopt these technologies, driving growth in the market. 2. **Energy efficiency gains**: Widespread adoption of liquid cooling could lead to reduced energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions from data centers. 3. **New business opportunities**: The bill's focus on liquid cooling may create new opportunities for companies specializing in this technology, such as LiquidStack, a company that has received funding from investors like Bill Gates.

However, it is essential to note that the bill's sponsors have received significant donations from the tech and data center industries. For example, Senator McCormick has received contributions from Google and Microsoft, while Senator Coons has received donations from Amazon and Intel. These contributions may have influenced the bill's provisions, which could ultimately benefit these companies.

In conclusion, the Liquid Cooling for AI Act of 2025 is a bill that reflects the interests of the data center and tech industries. While it may lead to energy efficiency gains and new business opportunities, its passage should be carefully considered in light of the potential conflicts of interest

Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (whistleblower personality)

💰 Campaign Finance Network

Sen. McCormick, David [R-PA]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions

$273,350

29 donors

PACs

$2,500

Organizations

$33,250

Committees

Individuals

$237,600

SIG SAUER PAC

1 transaction

$2,500

SEGURO MEDICO LLC

1 transaction

$10,000

CLEMENTS MIDWAY PARTNERS LLC

1 transaction

$10,000

BLOOMSBURG INDUSTRIAL VENTURES LLC

2 transactions

$4,700

SUN CENTER LP

1 transaction

$2,500

UTILITY ADVISORY GROUP LLC

1 transaction

$1,500

MODEVITY LLC

1 transaction

$1,500

O'DONNELL PARTNERS LLC

1 transaction

$1,500

KRAUSE & ASSOCIATES LP

1 transaction

$1,000

GVH PARTNERS

1 transaction

$500

MARSHALL LINE FENCE LLC

1 transaction

$50

No committee contributions found

ATKINS, PAUL S.

1 transaction

$13,200

KUEHNER, CARL

1 transaction

$13,200

TSYGANSKIY, IGOR

1 transaction

$13,200

SCARAMUCCI, ANTHONY

1 transaction

$13,200

REIBEL, JAMES

1 transaction

$13,200

CHAI, CHUCKRA

1 transaction

$13,200

BREED, ALAN

1 transaction

$13,200

DUBIN, GLENN

1 transaction

$13,200

MCCORMICK, DOUG

1 transaction

$13,200

THOMAS, AMY L.

1 transaction

$13,200

WALLACE, JENNIFER A.

1 transaction

$13,200

MCGAVICK, MICHAEL

1 transaction

$13,200

PATEL, CHIRAG

1 transaction

$13,200

PSAROS, MICHAEL

1 transaction

$13,200

OBERNDORF, WILLIAM

1 transaction

$13,200

MINNIS, CHRISTINA MRS.

1 transaction

$13,200

LACKIE, JAMES D. MR.

1 transaction

$13,200

KERKO, DAVID

1 transaction

$13,200

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 3 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Sen. Coons, Christopher A. [D-DE]

ID: C001088

Top Contributors

CHEROKEE NATION

OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK

$3,300

Dec 27, 2023

CHEROKEE NATION

OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK

$1,700

Dec 27, 2023

CHEN, YU

NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED

IndividualMIAMI, FL

$3,300

Dec 17, 2024

MIRZAIE, REZA

RUSS AUGUST & KABAT LLP • ATTORNEY

IndividualPACIFIC PALISADES, CA

$3,300

Oct 7, 2024

CHEN, YU

NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED

IndividualMIAMI, FL

$3,300

Dec 17, 2024

WASSERMAN, CASEY

WASSERMAN • CEO

IndividualLOS ANGELES, CA

$3,300

Nov 5, 2024

ZHAO, PENG

CITADEL SECURITIES • CEO

IndividualMIAMI, FL

$3,300

Dec 17, 2024

WASSERMAN, CASEY

WASSERMAN • CEO

IndividualLOS ANGELES, CA

$3,300

Nov 5, 2024

ZHAO, PENG

CITADEL SECURITIES • CEO

IndividualMIAMI, FL

$3,300

Dec 17, 2024

MIRZAIE, REZA

RUSS AUGUST & KABAT LLP • ATTORNEY

IndividualPACIFIC PALISADES, CA

$3,300

Oct 7, 2024

Sen. Budd, Ted [R-NC]

ID: B001305

Top Contributors

MACFARLANE, RON

IndividualBUFFALO GROVE, IL

$13,068

Apr 10, 2024

HEGYI, ALBERT P MR.

IndividualNEW YORK, NY

$6,600

Dec 31, 2024

NAZIROV, ATABEK

UZDIF • CEO

IndividualCHARLOTTE, NC

$6,600

Sep 14, 2023

NAZIROV, ATABEK

IndividualCHARLOTTE, NC

$6,600

Sep 26, 2023

FROST, BRANT IV

SELF-EMPLOYED • FINANCIAL SERVICES

IndividualNEWNAN, GA

$3,300

Dec 31, 2024

FROST, KRISTA

HOMEMAKER • HOMEMAKER

IndividualNEWNAN, GA

$3,300

Dec 31, 2024

TAYLOR, WILLIAM MR.

VETERANS GUARDIAN VA CLAIM CONSULTING • BUSINESS OWNER

IndividualPINEHURST, NC

$3,300

Dec 7, 2023

TAYLOR, WILLIAM MR.

VETERANS GUARDIAN VA CLAIM CONSULTING • BUSINESS OWNER

IndividualPINEHURST, NC

$3,300

Dec 7, 2023

GREENBLATT, SCOTT MR.

VETERANS GUARDIAN • CEO

IndividualPINEHURST, NC

$3,300

Dec 8, 2023

GREENBLATT, SCOTT MR.

VETERANS GUARDIAN • CEO

IndividualPINEHURST, NC

$3,300

Dec 8, 2023

Sen. Schiff, Adam B. [D-CA]

ID: S001150

Top Contributors

KOI NATION OF NORTHERN CA

OrganizationSANTA ROSA, CA

$3,300

Feb 29, 2024

PECHANGA BAND OF INDIANS

OrganizationTEMECULA, CA

$3,300

Feb 26, 2024

KOI NATION OF NORTHERN CA

OrganizationSANTA ROSA, CA

$3,300

Feb 29, 2024

THE CHICKASAW NATION

OrganizationADA, OK

$3,300

Mar 1, 2024

THE CHICKASAW NATION

OrganizationADA, OK

$3,300

Mar 1, 2024

SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS

OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA

$3,300

Sep 6, 2023

AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS GENERAL FUND

OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA

$3,300

Aug 9, 2023

THE CHICKASAW NATION

OrganizationADA, OK

$3,300

Sep 27, 2023

AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS GENERAL FUND

OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA

$3,300

Aug 9, 2023

SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS

OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA

$3,300

Jul 21, 2023

Donor Network - Sen. McCormick, David [R-PA]

Show Also Donated To

PACs

Organizations

Individuals

Politicians

Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

Showing 49 nodes and 48 connections

Total contributions: $48

Top Donors - Sen. McCormick, David [R-PA]

Showing top 25 donors by contribution amount

1 PAC10 Orgs18 Individuals

Industry Impact

Which industries are materially affected by specific provisions in this bill. 3 helped.

+AI & Cloud Infrastructureconfidence 0.90
Section 2(c)(2)(C) states the review will include 'A description of increased compute capacity through the enabling of more use of energy for computing workloads rather than cooling,' indicating a benefit to AI compute clusters and cloud infrastructure.
+Semiconductors & Hardwareconfidence 0.85
Section 2(c)(2)(A) evaluates 'liquid cooling research and development needs, and the costs and benefits for high-performance computing,' which directly impacts semiconductor hardware used in AI servers and data centers.
+Pipelines & Energy Infrastructureconfidence 0.80
Section 2(c)(2)(B) includes 'A description of avoided costs of energy, including deferred and avoided new electric transmission and infrastructure upgrades and associated costs,' suggesting potential benefits to energy infrastructure by reducing strain on power systems.

Who funds the sponsor on these industries

For each industry this bill affects, here's what the sponsor (Sen. McCormick, David [R-PA])received from donors associated with that industry during the 2022–present cycles. Donations are not proof of intent — they are a record of who funds the people writing the law.

Industries this bill HELPS

Semiconductors & Hardware$5,203
from 22 contributions
- GEDULDIG, COURTNEY$3,300
- WANG, EDWARD$700
- PLATENAK, JOHN$525
- PINKOS, STEPHEN$416
- JASPER, SCOTT$152
Pipelines & Energy Infrastructure$2,257
from 4 contributions
- HARBERT, KAREN$2,082
- SPISAK, FRANCIS E. MR.$175
AI & Cloud Infrastructure$1,780
from 3 contributions
- HARDAWAY, CAM$1,000
- MCGRATH, PAUL$520
- SHIPLEY, JOHN$260

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.AI-enhanced analysis provides detailed alignment ratings.

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Strong

Vector: 62%

Pages: 446-448AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill directs a federal assessment of liquid cooling for AI data centers to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs, directly supporting the Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program and Executive Order 13834's goal of efficient federal operations."

Key themes:energy efficiencyfederal data center operationsliquid cooling technology assessmentcost savingsDOE/FEMP mission

— 413 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions 62. U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program, “About the Federal Energy Management Program: Mission and Stakeholders,” https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/about-federal-energy- management-program (accessed February 13, 2023). 63. See, for example, 42 U.S. Code § 8252, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8252 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8253, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8253 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8254, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8254 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8255, https://www.law. cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8255 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8256, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ text/42/8256 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8257, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8257 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8258, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8258 (accessed February 13, 2023); § 8259b, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/8258b (accessed February 13, 2023); § 15852, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/15852 (accessed February 13, 2023); and § 17143, https://www. law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/17143 (accessed February 13, 2023). 64. President Donald J. Trump, Executive Order 13834, “Efficient Federal Operations,” May 17, 2018, Federal Register, Vol. 83, No. 99 (May 22, 2018), pp. 23771–23774, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-05- 22/pdf/2018-11101.pdf (accessed February 28, 2023). 65. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “FY 2022 Request Overview Briefing,” June 2021, p. 11, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/FY2022-EERE-budget-request- energy-efficiency.pdf (accessed February 28, 2023). 66. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, pp. 19 and 21. 67. U.S. Department of Energy, Clean Energy Corps, “Careers,” https://www.energy.gov/CleanEnergyCorps (accessed March 13, 2023). 68. Ibid. 69. U.S. Department of Energy, “DOE Kicks Off Recruitment to Support Implementation of Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,” January 13, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-kicks-recruitment-support- implementation-bipartisan-infrastructure-law (accessed March 13, 2023). 70. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “About EIA,” https://www.eia.gov/about/ (accessed February 13, 2023). 71. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022,” March 2022, p. 1, https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_ generation.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 72. U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2016, April 2018, https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/pdf/subsidy. pdf (accessed March 1, 2023). 73. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, pp. 19, 24, and 105. 74. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of International Affairs, “Mission: Our Mission,” https://www.energy.gov/ia/ our-mission (accessed February 13, 2023). 75. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of International Affairs, “Priorities: Our Objectives,” https://www.energy. gov/ia/priorities (accessed February 13, 2023). 76. Editorial Board, “Biden Signs Up for Climate Reparations,” The Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-signs-up-for-climate-change-reparations-europe-fund-un-john-kerry- poor-countries-bank-capitalism-11668974219 (accessed February 13, 2023). 77. U.S. Department of Energy, Arctic Energy Office, “About the Arctic Energy Office,” https://www.energy.gov/ arctic/about-arctic-energy-office (accessed March 1, 2023). 78. National Strategy for the Arctic Region, The White House, October 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp- content/uploads/2022/10/National-Strategy-for-the-Arctic-Region.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 79. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence website, https://www.energy.gov/ intelligence/office-intelligence-and-counterintelligence (accessed February 13, 2023). 80. See U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Policy, “Publications,” https://www.energy.gov/policy/office-policy (accessed February 13, 2023). — 414 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise 81. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Technology Transitions, “About Us: Mission,” https://www.energy.gov/ technologytransitions/mission-0 (accessed February 13, 2023). 82. Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Biological and Environmental Research (BER); Fusion Energy Sciences (FES); High-Energy Physics (HEP); Nuclear Physics (NP); Isotope R&D and Production (IRP); and Accelerator R&D and Production (ARDAP). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 5, Science, April 2022, pp. 10–14, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-5- science-v2.pdf (accessed March 1, 2023). 83. For example, the CHIPS and Science Act authorizes $50 billion for the Office of Science. U.S. Department of Energy, “Statement by Secretary Granholm on Congressional Passage of the CHIPS and Science Act,” July 28, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/statement-secretary-granholm-congressional-passage-chips-and- science-act (accessed February 13, 2023). 84. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 5, Science, April 2022, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe- fy2023-budget-volume-5-science-v2.pdf (accessed March 2, 2023). 85. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, “Mission,” https://www.energy.gov/em/ mission (accessed March 1, 2023). 86. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, “Cleanup Sites,” https://www.energy.gov/ em/cleanup-sites (accessed March 1, 2023). 87. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “DOE’s Environmental Liability,” GAO-21-585R, June 2021, p. 2, https:// www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-585r.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 88. Chart, “EM’s Annual Spending and Estimated Environmental Liability (Fiscal Years 2011–2020),” in ibid., p. 1. 89. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 6, Environmental Management, April 2022, p. 53, https://www.energy.gov/sites/ default/files/2022-09/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-6-em-v3.pdf (accessed March 1, 2023). 90. Ibid. 91. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Nuclear Waste: DOE Needs Greater Leadership Stability and Commitment to Accomplish Cleanup Mission, GAO-22-104805, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104805. pdf#:~:text=DOE%20Needs%20Greater%20Leadership%20Stability%20and%20Commitment%20to,May%20 2022%20GAO-22-104805%20United%20States%20Government%20Accountability%20Office May 2022, (accessed February 14, 2023). 92. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, pp. 23 and 93. 93. H.R. 3809, Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law No. 97-425, Title I, Subtitle B. 94. Ibid., Title III, § 304. 95. See, for example, Chapter 4, “The Need for Geologic Disposal,” in Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, Report to the Secretary of Energy, January 2012, pp. 27–31, https://www.energy.gov/sites/ default/files/2013/04/f0/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023). 96. Press release, “DOE Announces $16 Million to Support Consent-Based Siting for Spent Nuclear Fuel,” U.S. Department of Energy, September 20, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-16-million- support-consent-based-siting-spent-nuclear-fuel (accessed February 14, 2023). 97. U.S. Department of Energy, Agency Financial Report, Fiscal Year 2022, DOE/CF-0191, p. 58, https://www. energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-11/fy-2022-doe-agency-financial-report.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 98. H.R. 3809, Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law No. 97-425, Title III, § 302. 99. Ibid., p. 57. 100. Table, “Department of Energy Comparative Organization by Congressional Control, FY 2023,” p. 5, in U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, “FY 2023 Budget Justification: Summary Budget Documents,” https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2023-budget-justification (accessed March 13, 2023). 101. U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, “Missions,” https://www.energy.gov/ nnsa/missions#:~:text=NNSA%20ensures%20the%20United%20States%20maintains%20a%20safe%2C,of%20 nuclear%20and%20radiological%20terrorism%20around%20the%20world (accessed March 2, 2023).

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Strong

Vector: 61%

Pages: 425-427AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill's focus on assessing liquid cooling for AI compute clusters aligns with Project 2025's emphasis on advancing AI technologies, ensuring R&D benefits flow to American interests, and maintaining U.S. technological dominance through efficient energy use in high-performance computing."

Key themes:artificial intelligenceR&D advancementtechnology transferenergy efficiencynational security

— 393 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions l Ensure that R&D funds are used for projects that protect and advance that edge. l Ensure that successful advances, with a focus on new natural resource development technologies, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and space, are transferred swiftly to American interests in the private sector. New Policies l Focus on benefits to Americans. OTT’s operations should be based on the recognition that the new technologies generated by American taxpayers’ investment in DOE are a significant national security asset rather than some neutral scientific gift to humanity. l Increase oversight and coordination. OTT needs to be vigilant in overseeing and coordinating OTT offices associated with each National Lab. For security and economic espionage reasons, the work funded by the American people needs to be protected, and when commercialized, it needs to go to American businesses. OFFICE OF SCIENCE (SC) Mission/Overview The Office of Science (SC) supports and oversees research facilities and pro- grams that cover basic science through its application to the demonstration and deployment of energy technologies. SC oversees 10 of the 17 DOE National Labs and 28 major federal research user facilities. Its mission is to preserve U.S. leader- ship in science, fund and perform basic research, and provide the scientific facilities that the private sector is unable or unwilling to provide. New initiatives include quantum information sciences and artificial intelligence. SC is led by a Senate-con- firmed Director at the Assistant Secretary level and has eight program offices.82 Needed Reforms The next conservative President should commit the United States to scientific dominance to support national and economic security, especially in light of similar efforts by China. To aid in this effort, the Office of Science should: l Return to its primary mission: nonpartisan and basic science. SC’s mission should be international leadership in basic and early applied science and provision of world-leading facilities for this work. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and Inflation Reduction Act mark the major — 394 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise reorientation of DOE primarily from defense applications in the NNSA and basic and early applied science across SC and the applied offices to a massive federal research, development, demonstration, and commercialization body.83 Distraction from SC’s basic science mission should be prevented. l Increase the level of accountability. The National Laboratories need to be more directly accountable to the Secretary of Energy and Congress for their work and management. New Policies l Commit to U.S. science dominance. The United States is losing its dominance in scientific discoveries and technological development. China and other adversaries have been stealing American science and technology for years and are now on the verge of dominating science—a development that is fraught with negative strategic and economic implications for the United States. The next Administration must commit itself to ensuring that the U.S. continues to dominate scientific discovery and technological advancement. l Refocus on mission and eliminate duplication and waste. The Administration should work with Congress to rationalize the National Lab network to meet specific national objectives (such as the NNSA laboratories’ role in national defense) and conduct basic research that the private sector would not otherwise conduct. Activities that duplicate those of other government agencies or the private sector should be eliminated. l Properly manage the National Labs’ contributions to the private sector. SC should improve private-sector access to the National Labs, through programs like the GAIN voucher program and consistent with national security considerations, while ensuring that the economic benefits of taxpayer-funded technologies flow back to taxpayers through patent- review sharing or a revolving fund. Budget The Office of Science was appropriated slightly more than $7 billion in FY 2021, and DOE requested slightly less than $7.8 billion for FY 2023.84 OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (EM) Mission/Overview The Office of Environmental Management’s mission is to “complete the safe cleanup of [the] environmental legacy resulting from decades of nuclear

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Strong

Vector: 61%

Pages: 419-421AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill directs a federal assessment of liquid cooling to improve energy efficiency, cut costs, and enhance resilience of federal data‑center infrastructure, directly supporting the Project 2025 mandate for agencies to reduce waste, cut costs, enhance resilience, and enable mission accomplishment."

Key themes:energy efficiencycost reductionfederal infrastructure resiliencewaste reductiondata center energy consumption

— 386 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise energy. The Trump Administration took a less aggressive approach in Executive Order 13834, which specified that “each agency shall prioritize actions that reduce waste, cut costs, enhance the resilience of Federal infrastructure and operations, and enable more effective accomplishment of its mission.”64 New Policies A conservative Administration should follow the language of Executive Order 13834 and direct federal agencies to “reduce waste, cut costs, enhance the resilience of Federal infrastructure and operations, and enable more effective accomplish- ment of its mission.” For FEMP, this means focusing on helping federal agencies to follow the law and use energy efficiently and cost-effectively. Budget FEMP was funded at $40 million in FY 2022,65 and slightly less than $170 mil- lion is requested for FY 2023.66 If it is focused on helping the federal government to carry out its statutorily based energy goal, much less money is needed. CLEAN ENERGY CORPS Mission/Overview Under the IIJA, “the Clean Energy Corps is charged with investing more than $62 billion to deliver a more equitable clean energy future for the American peo- ple[.]”67 The Corps says that it will “focus on deploying next generation clean energy technology” to “help America meet its goals of a carbon-free power sector in 2035 and a decarbonized economy in 2050.”68 Needed Reforms The Clean Energy Corps is a taxpayer-funded program to create new govern- ment jobs for employees “who will work together to research, develop, demonstrate, and deploy solutions to climate change.” DOE anticipates recruiting “an additional 1,000 employees using a special hiring authority included in the Bipartisan Infra- structure Law.”69 Taxpayers should not have to fund a cadre of federal employees to promote a partisan political agenda. New Policies Eliminate the Clean Energy Corps by revoking funding and eliminating all posi- tions and personnel hired under the program. Budget Funding for Clean Energy Corps employees is not clearly defined in the FY 2023 DOE budget request. — 387 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION (EIA) Mission/Overview The U.S. Energy Information Administration “collects, analyzes, and dis- seminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its inter- action with the economy and the environment.”70 Needed Reforms EIA is not an inherently problematic agency and historically has provided inde- pendent and impartial analysis. Requests for EIA analyses can be made by the Administration or from Members of Congress or congressional committees. EIA needs to be committed to providing unbiased forecasting and data so that poli- cymakers, industry, and the public can have a clear understanding of our energy resources and energy economy. Strong leadership will be needed to ensure that data and reporting are not misused to promote a politicized “energy transition.” New Policies l Clarify levelized cost of electricity. “Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) refers to the estimated revenue required to build and operate a generator over a specified cost recovery period.”71 It is used in the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) to compare the cost of technologies to determine which technologies are expected to be constructed in the future. Although it is useful in comparing the costs of resources over time, LCOE can also mask the massive amounts of capital needed to deploy new generation. Moreover, in the case of intermittent resources such as wind and solar, LCOE does not include the cost for backup or firming power from dispatchable resources. EIA should ensure that its reporting provides an accurate assessment of generation costs. The cost of backup power for when wind and solar resources are not available should be included when comparing the technologies and reported as a separate component in the modeling documents. l Revise reserve margins. EIA, in conjunction with FERC, NERC, regional transmission organizations (RTOs), and the electric industry, should change how electric grid reserve margins are defined and calculated. In the past, reserve margins have looked at the amount of nameplate capacity on the grid to serve peak load plus a reserve. With the increasing number of intermittent, nondispatchable resources like wind and solar, peak load and reserve margins need to be reevaluated. Reserve margins need to be timed to load changes throughout the day and consider the availability of dispatchable on-demand resources to meet load when renewables may not be available.

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Moderate

Vector: 63%

Pages: 446-448AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill's focus on assessing liquid cooling technologies for AI data centers aligns with Project 2025's emphasis on advancing energy efficiency and technological innovation within the Department of Energy's science and research initiatives, though it does not directly implement specific DOE programs or mandates outlined in the policy document."

Key themes:energy efficiencytechnology assessmentDepartment of Energyadvanced computingresearch and development

— 414 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise 81. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Technology Transitions, “About Us: Mission,” https://www.energy.gov/ technologytransitions/mission-0 (accessed February 13, 2023). 82. Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Biological and Environmental Research (BER); Fusion Energy Sciences (FES); High-Energy Physics (HEP); Nuclear Physics (NP); Isotope R&D and Production (IRP); and Accelerator R&D and Production (ARDAP). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 5, Science, April 2022, pp. 10–14, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-5- science-v2.pdf (accessed March 1, 2023). 83. For example, the CHIPS and Science Act authorizes $50 billion for the Office of Science. U.S. Department of Energy, “Statement by Secretary Granholm on Congressional Passage of the CHIPS and Science Act,” July 28, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/statement-secretary-granholm-congressional-passage-chips-and- science-act (accessed February 13, 2023). 84. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 5, Science, April 2022, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe- fy2023-budget-volume-5-science-v2.pdf (accessed March 2, 2023). 85. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, “Mission,” https://www.energy.gov/em/ mission (accessed March 1, 2023). 86. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, “Cleanup Sites,” https://www.energy.gov/ em/cleanup-sites (accessed March 1, 2023). 87. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “DOE’s Environmental Liability,” GAO-21-585R, June 2021, p. 2, https:// www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-585r.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 88. Chart, “EM’s Annual Spending and Estimated Environmental Liability (Fiscal Years 2011–2020),” in ibid., p. 1. 89. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 6, Environmental Management, April 2022, p. 53, https://www.energy.gov/sites/ default/files/2022-09/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-6-em-v3.pdf (accessed March 1, 2023). 90. Ibid. 91. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Nuclear Waste: DOE Needs Greater Leadership Stability and Commitment to Accomplish Cleanup Mission, GAO-22-104805, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104805. pdf#:~:text=DOE%20Needs%20Greater%20Leadership%20Stability%20and%20Commitment%20to,May%20 2022%20GAO-22-104805%20United%20States%20Government%20Accountability%20Office May 2022, (accessed February 14, 2023). 92. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, pp. 23 and 93. 93. H.R. 3809, Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law No. 97-425, Title I, Subtitle B. 94. Ibid., Title III, § 304. 95. See, for example, Chapter 4, “The Need for Geologic Disposal,” in Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, Report to the Secretary of Energy, January 2012, pp. 27–31, https://www.energy.gov/sites/ default/files/2013/04/f0/brc_finalreport_jan2012.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023). 96. Press release, “DOE Announces $16 Million to Support Consent-Based Siting for Spent Nuclear Fuel,” U.S. Department of Energy, September 20, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-16-million- support-consent-based-siting-spent-nuclear-fuel (accessed February 14, 2023). 97. U.S. Department of Energy, Agency Financial Report, Fiscal Year 2022, DOE/CF-0191, p. 58, https://www. energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-11/fy-2022-doe-agency-financial-report.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 98. H.R. 3809, Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law No. 97-425, Title III, § 302. 99. Ibid., p. 57. 100. Table, “Department of Energy Comparative Organization by Congressional Control, FY 2023,” p. 5, in U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, “FY 2023 Budget Justification: Summary Budget Documents,” https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2023-budget-justification (accessed March 13, 2023). 101. U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, “Missions,” https://www.energy.gov/ nnsa/missions#:~:text=NNSA%20ensures%20the%20United%20States%20maintains%20a%20safe%2C,of%20 nuclear%20and%20radiological%20terrorism%20around%20the%20world (accessed March 2, 2023). — 415 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions 102. S. 1059, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-65, 106th Congress, October 5, 1999, §§ 3201–3299, https://www.congress.gov/106/plaws/publ65/PLAW-106publ65.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023). 103. See Geller, “U.S. Nuclear Weapons.” 104. U.S. Department of Defense, 2022 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, Including the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review and the 2022 Missile Defense Review, pp. 3 and 20, https://media.defense. gov/2022/Oct/27/2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.PDF (accessed March 2, 2023). 105. U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, “Plutonium Pit Production,” https:// www.energy.gov/nnsa/plutonium-pit-production (accessed March 13, 2023). 106. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, p. 27. 107. 16 U.S. Code § 824o, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/824o (accessed March 2, 2023). 108. 16 U.S. Code § 824o-1, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/824o-1 (accessed March 2, 2023). 109. For example, the California blackouts in August 2020 and the Texas blackouts and deaths in February 2021. 110. North American Electric Reliability Corporation, “Announcement: Extreme Weather Heightens Reliability Risks This Summer,” May 18, 2022, https://www.nerc.com/news/Headlines%20DL/May%2018%202022%20SRA%20 Announcement.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023). 111. Ethan Howland, “ISO-NE, ERCOT, MISO Face Possible Capacity Shortfalls in Extreme Winter Weather: FERC,” Utility Dive, October 21, 2022, https://www.utilitydive.com/news/FERC-iso-ne-ercot-miso-extreme-winter- weather-report/634682/ (accessed February 14, 2023), and North American Energy Reliability Corporation, “Announcement: NERC Warns Generation Resources Tight in Large Portion of North America This Winter,” November 17, 2022, https://www.nerc.com/news/Headlines%20DL/2022%20WRA%20Release%20final.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023). 112. Note that the challenges to the grid are coming mainly from subsidized renewable resources. Renewable resources have beneficial attributes, and the electric grid can benefit from embracing an all-of-the-above approach to power generation. 113. See U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Glossary: Reserve Margin,” https:// www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=reserve_margin (accessed February 14, 2023). 114. Dan Frosch and Ginger Adams Otis, “North Carolina Power Outage Leaves 33,000 Without Electricity After Substation Attack,” The Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ attack-on-north-carolina-power-substations-leaves-45-000-without-electricity-11670200585 (accessed February 14, 2023). 115. U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Power Sales and Markets: RTOs and ISOs,” last updated May 3, 2022, https://www.ferc.gov/power-sales-and-markets/rtos-and-isos (accessed February 14, 2023). 116. Such as the blackouts and shortages in California (August 2020, summer 2022) and Texas (February 2021, summer 2022). 117. See notes 110 and 111, supra; North American Electric Reliability Corporation, “2022 Summer Reliability Assessment,” May 2022, https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/NERC_ SRA_2022.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023); and North American Electric Reliability Corporation, “2022–2023 Winter Reliability Assessment,” November 2022, https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20 Assessments%20DL/NERC_WRA_2022.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023). 118. U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Building for the Future Through Electric Regional Transmission Planning and Cost Allocation and Generator Interconnection,” Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Federal Register, Vol. 87, No. 86 (May 4, 2022), pp. 26504–26611, https://www.govinfo.gov/ content/pkg/FR-2022-05-04/pdf/2022-08973.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023), and U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Improvements to Generator Interconnection Procedures and Agreements,” Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Federal Register, Vol. 87, No. 127 (July 5, 2022), pp. 39934–40032, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-07-05/pdf/2022-13470.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023).

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Weak

Vector: 62%

Pages: 419-421AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill directs a GAO technology assessment on liquid cooling for AI data centers to improve energy efficiency, while the Project 2025 EIA section focuses on reforming energy forecasting, LCOE calculations, reserve margins, and reporting objectivity. Both touch on federal energy efficiency goals but address different mechanisms and lack direct policy overlap."

Key themes:energy efficiencyfederal energy policydata center power consumptiontechnology assessment

— 387 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION (EIA) Mission/Overview The U.S. Energy Information Administration “collects, analyzes, and dis- seminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its inter- action with the economy and the environment.”70 Needed Reforms EIA is not an inherently problematic agency and historically has provided inde- pendent and impartial analysis. Requests for EIA analyses can be made by the Administration or from Members of Congress or congressional committees. EIA needs to be committed to providing unbiased forecasting and data so that poli- cymakers, industry, and the public can have a clear understanding of our energy resources and energy economy. Strong leadership will be needed to ensure that data and reporting are not misused to promote a politicized “energy transition.” New Policies l Clarify levelized cost of electricity. “Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) refers to the estimated revenue required to build and operate a generator over a specified cost recovery period.”71 It is used in the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) to compare the cost of technologies to determine which technologies are expected to be constructed in the future. Although it is useful in comparing the costs of resources over time, LCOE can also mask the massive amounts of capital needed to deploy new generation. Moreover, in the case of intermittent resources such as wind and solar, LCOE does not include the cost for backup or firming power from dispatchable resources. EIA should ensure that its reporting provides an accurate assessment of generation costs. The cost of backup power for when wind and solar resources are not available should be included when comparing the technologies and reported as a separate component in the modeling documents. l Revise reserve margins. EIA, in conjunction with FERC, NERC, regional transmission organizations (RTOs), and the electric industry, should change how electric grid reserve margins are defined and calculated. In the past, reserve margins have looked at the amount of nameplate capacity on the grid to serve peak load plus a reserve. With the increasing number of intermittent, nondispatchable resources like wind and solar, peak load and reserve margins need to be reevaluated. Reserve margins need to be timed to load changes throughout the day and consider the availability of dispatchable on-demand resources to meet load when renewables may not be available. — 388 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise l Update reports on the impacts of federal financial interventions and subsidies. EIA’s most recent report on federal financial interventions and subsidies was issued in April 2018.72 This is an important analysis because it clearly shows the level of the federal government’s intervention in each area of the energy system for a given fiscal year. In the past, EIA performed the analysis pursuant to a request from Congress or the Administration. This report should become a project that is performed annually or every other year as part of EIA’s base program. l Ensure the objectivity of the International Energy Outlook (IEO). In the past, EIA published the IEO every year. It is now published every two years. IEO forecasts are important because the International Energy Agency’s forecasts in its annual World Energy Outlook are becoming unrealistic and politically oriented to push Europe’s climate goals. EIA forecasts should be based on current laws and regulations and should not be used to promote favored policies. l Assess the case for privatization. There are some who think that EIA should be privatized. The cost savings to taxpayers should be considered. On the other hand, EIA has generally demonstrated neutral data presentation that is helpful to policymakers and the private sector. Budget Congress appropriated $126.8 million for EIA in FY 2021, and the FY 2023 budget request is for approximately $144.5 million.73 OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (IA) Mission/Overview “The Office of International Affairs has primary responsibility for addressing international energy issues that have a direct impact on research, development, utilization, supply, and conservation of energy affecting the United States.”74 It “focuses on enhancing global energy security through countering malign influence, diversifying supplies, and increasing energy access” and “is committed to increas- ing U.S. energy exports and trade to enhance growth.” 75 Needed Reforms l Expand IA’s role and focus its activities on U.S. international energy security interests. International energy activities should be consolidated under IA (and the Department of State’s Bureau of Energy Resources should be eliminated) to ensure a proper understanding of domestic energy

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About These Correlations

Policy matches are calculated using a hybrid approach: initial candidates are found using semantic similarity between bill summaries and Project 2025 policy text, then an AI model (Llama 3.1 70B) provides detailed alignment ratings and analysis. Ratings range from 1 (minimal alignment) to 5 (very strong alignment). This analysis does not imply direct causation or intent.

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